I-Biograge
Ukusuka ngaphansi kwepeni lomlobi waseJalimane u-Ernst Gofman, amanoveli namanoveli amnandi namanoveli ahlasela izithombe ze-Gothic. Ingane yakhe ama-tsakhs imbi futhi inenkani, kepha inethalente elingaphezu kwamandla, futhi i-nutcracker ngeshwa iphoqelelwa ukuba ibe yizeluleko zezeluleko zamantongomane. Nge-canvay eyethusayo yendaba, uHoffman wawazi ukuthi azakhela kanjani izinganekwane ezinhle, ezinobumba, kepha azizenzi izingane.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Ernst Theodore Wilhelm Gofman wazalwa ngoJanuwari 24, 1776 eKonigsberg, empumalanga prussia (manje - kaliningrad, eRussia). Emndenini kaChristopher Ludwig Hoffman no-Albertina Daffer, umfana waba owokugcina wezingane ezintathu.
Eminyakeni engu-2 emva kokuzalwa kukaHoffmann, abazali abancane bahlukana. UChristoph, uthatha indodana kaJohn Ludwig, waya e-Insterburg (manje - iChernakhevsk, idolobha elisesifundeni saseKaliningrad), futhi umama ono-Ernst wasala eKönigsberg. Indodana ephakathi ishonile ebuntwaneni.
UGofman ukhombise ithalente elikhulu kulowo mdlalo kupiyano, ukubhala nakudonsela, kepha ukuthuthukiswa okukulawa makhono akuzange kube manje - lesi sikhungo sasisezifundazweni, ezazingatholanga izinhlobo ezibanzi ze-Prussia nemibono emisha yasePrussia .
Ngo-1781-1792, umfana wafunda eLuthereli School of Burgschule. Umfana wawuthanda ngokuzimela umsebenzi weSchiller, uGoethe, osheshayo, oqinile, amasimu kaRousseau kanye noJean.
Cishe ngo-1787, u-Ernst wenza abangane noTheodore Getlibon Background Hippel, esopolitiki esizayo abesezele ku-Imanuel Kant ngomsebenzi wakhe. Ngo-1792, uGofman ulalele izinkulumo eziningana zefilosofi.
Ukudala
Ngeminyaka yama-1790, umlobi wathuthela kakhulu: Okokuqala e-Glogow, khona-ke eDresden, lapho uGofman eshaya imidwebo kaRafael noCorleggo, bese eBerlin.
Enhlokodolobha yamanje yaseJalimane, le nsizwa yaqala yazama ngokwakhe njengomqambi. Wabhala i-Operetta "Die Maske". Yabelana ngethalente lakhe likaHoffman engozini ngoLouise, iNdlovukazi yeNdlovukazi. Iqiniso elithandekayo: Inkosi yaphendula. Ngiyelulese ukuthi ngibhekise kumqondisi we-Royal Theatre, okuyisincomo sayo esevele sikulungele ukuthatha umsebenzi. U-Ernst akatholanga impendulo ethembisayo - ehambile kwi-pozen (manje poznan, ePoland).
Kwakungokokuqala ngqa e-bioffic kaHoffman, lapho engekho izihlobo. Le nsizwa yaqala ukuba yizihloko "ubani umqondisi wezikole, abapristi, umalume no-anti babiza abakhubazekile" - ukucaphuna kombhali ngokwakhe. I-desauchery ukuthi umJalimane waxhunyaniswa kakhulu ebuqambi, kodwa ngokuhlekisa, hhayi abafundi.
Ngo-1802, ukuba sebholeni, uHoffman ovela ku-Boredom waveza imidwebo ye-caricature edwetshwe izikhulu zePrussian. Akunakubalulekanga ezinsizweni lapho imidwebo yahlukaniswa izivakashi. Lapho ababhali bezaziwa, izikhalazo zawela e-Ernst. Iziphathimandla zikaBerlin ezijwayele ukuzalwa kukaHoffman, azizange zixazulule isijeziso se- "Clish", esikhundleni salokho sadluliselwa epulini (inhloko-dolobha yangaphambili yasePoland).
"Ukudingiswa" kwamukisa impilo yengqondo yombhali. Ekhathuneni, wazibonakalisa, eshonela odakeni eduze kwezakhamizi ezingafundile. Noma kunjalo, isango, elalilandelwa nguHoffman eminyakeni yokuhlala ePlock, lalinethonya elihle ekubukeni. AmaJalimane athumele amanothi akhe emncintiswaneni obhaliwe ephephandabeni le-Die Freimüthige. Yize kungekho msebenzi we-14 owanikezwa umklomelo oyinhloko, i-hoffman yakhishwa ama-friedrichsdors ayi-100 (izinhlamvu zemali zegolide) ukuze asebenze ngekhono.
Ngo-1804 wathola isikhundla eWarsaw. Endleleni, u-Ernst wabuka eKönigsberg. Okuningi edolobheni lendabuko, umbhali wayengenhlanhla ngokwanele.
Iminyaka echithwa ePoland, uHoffman wabona okujabulisa kakhulu. Lapha wahlangana nekusasa elizayo biographher Julius Edward Hitzig. Wahlanganisa umphakathi wezezimali "eNyakatho Stars", aqondwe kahle ezincwadini. KwakunguThitig owazi nguHoffman nomsebenzi kaNofvia, u-Ludwig Teak, u-Ahima von Arima nabanye ababhali baseJalimane ababenomthelela omkhulu kwi-syllable yakhe.
Iphefumlelwe ngokuthandana nabantu bezobuciko, le nsizwa eqoqa amabhayisekili "abaculi be-merry merry" (1804) ezingomalweni zika-Klemens Brentano. Esembozweni somqambi wokuqala wasebenzisa i-pseudonym yakhe - u-Ernst Theodore Amadeus Hoffman, noma u-E. T. A. Gofman. Igama lika-Amadeus, iJalimane labelwa ukukhumbula iMaererth's Maestro.
Injabulo yensizwa yahlala kungekudala - ngoNovemba 1806, phakathi nempi yombango wesine, amabutho kaNapoleon athunjwa yiWarsaw, kanti amabutho ePrussian athunjwa yiWarsaw, kanti amabutho ePrussian athathwe yimisebenzi yawo. UHoffman wayeseBerlin ehlala khona. Wayelambile, wadaywe emndenini, futhi kulezi zimo omunye wemisebenzi yakhe emihle yomculo wazalwa - "eziyisithupha eziyisithupha". Kamuva, umbhali uzobangelwa nguJohannes Clayysler, iqhawe eliyinhloko lenoveli elithi "ukukhanyisa ikati Murra".
Ukuphumelela kwemibhalo kweHoffmann kwenzeka ngo-1809 ngokushicilelwa kwenoveli ye-rut "cavalier glitch". Ngokwesakhiwo, indoda okusolwa ukuthi ihlangabezana nezwe lomqambi ophilayo uChristopher Willitka. Lo msebenzi uyinkokhiso kwimigomo ye-jean field "doppelganger", ezincwadini zesikhathi se-Romanticism okusho ukuthi "ubuntu obumnyama" bomuntu.
Kusukela ukukhishwa kwe- "Cavallar Glitka" emsebenzini kaGofman, izikhathi zegolide eza. Ngo-1814 kwaba nendaba ethi "Imbiza Yegolide", indatshana ye-Opera "Undina" iqediwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, umbhali waqala ukubhala u- "1815)" (1815), owabiza ngokuthi "u-Elixir of Life" - wayenethemba lokuthi impumelelo yenoveli izoletha inzuzo. Amathemba avela ukuthi agcinwe. Izindaba ezimfushane eziqoqwe eqoqweni elithi "Fantasy ngendlela yeCallo" zasekelwa ngumphakathi.
"I-Nutcracker ne-Mouse King" (1816), yakhulelwa njengenganekwane yezingane zomngane, yaba ngumsebenzi wamasiko. Ubufakazi - I-Ballet kaPetra Tchaikovsky, ifilimu eliningi kanye nopopayi.
I-tale ilandisa ngendoda encane yokudlala ekwazi ukugwinya amantongomane aqinile. Ngelinye ilanga intombazane yaseMarie eyanikeza i-nutcracker, ibheka isithombe sempi yendoda elwa nenkosi yegundane. Kuyavela ukuthi umnikazi we-nutcracker uyinsizwa efakwe yiNdlovukazi yeNdlovukazi. Ukubuyisa ukubukeka kwangaphambilini, udinga ukunqoba inkosi futhi athole intokazi yakhe enhle kakhulu.
Indaba ekhuluma nge-nutcracker ilungele ukufunda izingane, ngokungafani nezinye ezesabekayo zemisebenzi kaHoffman. Isibonelo, eqoqweni "ubusuku ama-etude" aqoqa izinkolelo eziyimfihlakalo ezimbi: "Indoda enesihlabathi", "Mayola", "iSonto LaseJesuit edolobheni".
Ngo-1819, "ingane ye-Ugly ne-Synical" yezingane, esilinganisweni seZinnobers "izalwe. Ngemuva komsindo wenganekwane enhle, okuzungezile kuyeka ukuqaphela ukungapheleli kwangaphandle kwe-Dwarf Tsakhasa. Ngokuphambene nalokho - imibono yakhe emibi ibonakala icwebezela, amahlaya aqinile - ukugibela i-wit. OwayenguThahsa wayebona umfundi uBalthazar nabanye abantu bobuciko.
UBalthazar usethandweni noCandida, indodakazi yesazi. I-Freak, iqonda izifiso zensizwa, iheha noma yini intombazane esolwayo. Ukuvimbela iphutha elibulalayo, uBalthazar ujoyina ukulwa nama-tsakh.
Ngo-1819 okufanayo, umqulu wokuqala we- "khanyisa ikati Murra" wavela. Indaba yenziwa ebusweni besilwane, esihlala egcekeni likaJohannes Kreisler. Ngezikhathi ezithile, izindima ezingenayo noma yini evamile ngokuqukethwe ziyahlanganiswa. Kuvela ukuthi ikati ekugqwalisweni kukafulawa wokudala ladonsa amakhasi ezimpilweni zomnikazi wakhe - umqambi ogqamile.
Izithombe zabalingiswa abaphambili be-autobiographical: craisler yi-hofman uqobo, futhi uMurr ungumbhali kitten onikezelwe kwinoveli. Lesi silwane safa sivela kulesi sifo ngaphansi kokugcina kwevolumu lesibili. Ekuphetheni, le ncwadi ithi:
"Ikati le-Cat Curra elinengqondo, elihlabekisayo, elihlabekisayo nelinezinkondlo kanye nezempikini ephakathi kwensimu yakhe ebukekayo yathatha ukufa okungenakugwenywa."Ivolumu yesibili lashicilelwa ngo-1821.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1794, amaHoffmans aqale inoveli ene-hutt ebizayo, owesifazane oshadile owanikeza izifundo zomculo. Lokho kwakuminyaka engu-10 ubudala, kwaba nezingane ezi-6. NgoFebhuwari 1796, umndeni wakwa-Ernst wawuphikisana nothando lweNdodana futhi wasolwa ukuthi wathumela u-Ernst ezinhlosweni ezinhle zikaGlogow.
Cishe ngo-1801, indoda yathatha uMarianna kumkakhe uMikhalin Roar ngegama lesidlaliso misha. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, impilo yabo eyedlule yephule ukuzalwa kwendodakazi kaCecilia. Impilo yakhe yayifushane - ingane yafa eneminyaka emi-2.
Ngo-1810, ukuba yindoda eshadile, umfundi osemusha uJulia Mark wathandana noJulia. Imizwa kaGofman yayisobala ukuthi abazali baphuthume ukuzoshada nendodakazi ukuba ishade, futhi evela kuNkulunkulu, umbhali wacishe waletha amaphuzu ngokuphila. Inoveli yenoveli inikelwe inoveli ethi "Don Juan" (1813).
Ukushona
Ngo-1819, impilo ye-Hoffman eneminyaka engu-43 yabukelwa phansi. Ubunzima bempilo baphenduka umuntu onethalente abe yisidakwa, i-syphilis yabangela ukuba buthaka kwezingalo, futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-1822 - ukukhubazeka kwentamo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, u-Ernst waqhubeka edala: wabiza umsebenzi wakhe wokugcina kumkakhe noma unobhala wakhe.
Ngasikhathi sinye, uHoffman walwa nokulimala kokwahlulela. Enovelity "INkosi kaBloki" (1822) Umlobi wawunokunganaki ukwenza kabusha i-caricature kuKhomishani weKampets.
Lapho usihlalo weKhomishini Yezombusazwe, ezasungulwa yinkosi yasePrussia nguFriedrich Wilhelm III, wanquma ukuziphindisela kuHoffman, okungukuthi, mbopha. Inkosi yayala ukuba ibhala umlobi wokukhuza, futhi i- "Lord Ama-Fleas" izobalwa.
U-Ernst Gofman washona eSyphilis ngoJuni 25, 1822 eneminyaka engama-46. Ithuna lisenkabeni yeJerusalema eBerlin. Etsheni lethuna kubonise igama lomlobi lapho kuzalwa futhi i-resalia yayo:
"Umeluleki wenkantolo, okuhle kakhulu ebuhleni bakhe, imbongi, umculi, umdwebi, onikele kubangani bakhe."Amacaphuna
Ukwahlulela ngalokho engikwaziyo futhi ngifunde ngothando, lokhu, eqinisweni, ukufunwa kokugula kwengqondo, okufuywayo kohlobo lwabantu oluvezwa ekuhlanjweni okukhethekile kobuhlanya; Bathatha isidalwa esithile nakancane ukuthi empeleni; Isibonelo, amasheya ajwayelekile aphansi aphansi e-BBW, akhuleka unkulunkulukazi. Obaba abahlakaniphile bazalwa ngamadodana abupristi. Konke okuvame ukwenzeka empilweni umuntu noma ubuhle ngaleso sikhathi lapho esukuma uhlobo oluthile lweqhinga lokukhohlisa. Ngabe sikhona isimo esimnandi kakhulu kunokwenelisekile?I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1814 - "Imicabango ngendlela yeCallo"
- Ngo-1815 - "I-Elixir Sathane"
- Ngo-1816 - "I-Nutcracker ne-Mouse King"
- Ngo-1817 - "Ubusuku etude"
- 1819 - "Ama-Tsakhhs wezingane, kwigama lesidlaliso leZinnober"
- 1819-1821 - "I-Brothers Serapion"
- 1819-1821 - "Amakhambi amakhambi amalambu kaKati Murra anezicucu ze-biography of Kappelmester Johannes Craisler ezazisinda ngengozi emashidini ephepha"
- Ngo-1922 - "Nkosi kaBloch"
Imisebenzi Yomculo
- 1804 - "Abaculi be-Merry" (ZINCHPIL)
- I-1808 - "Harlequin" (Ballet)
- I-1809 - "I-Dirna" (Melodrama)
- Ngo-1812 - Aurora (Opera)
- Ngo-1816 - "Undina" (Opera)