I-Biograge
UNikolai Nikolayevich Semenov - Usosayensi wokuthula, osafunda futhi esebenzisa umphakathi wesayensi emhlabeni wonke emisebenzini yabo. Uphile impilo ehloniphekile lapho kwakukhona khona indawo eyanele yokukhathazeka nokunqoba. Emehlweni akhe, izwe lalishintsha - kusuka kuTsarist Russia kuya eSoviet Union.
UNikolai Nikolaevich wasinda empini yombango, uguquko, ukucindezelwa kwama-30s, impi yezwe yesibili. Futhi akunandaba ukuthi kwakunzima kangakanani, wahlala ethembekile kwisayensi. I-Semenov isalokhu ukuphela kososayensi baseRussia abathola umklomelo kaNobel eChemistry.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UNikolai Nikolayevich Semenov wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 15, 1896 emndenini wezempi enobungcweti. Ubaba - Nikolay Alexandrovich, Umama - Elena Alexandrovna. I-future Scientist kuze kube ngu-1909 ibangele ubuntwana eSaratov, khona-ke umndeni wathuthela eSamara.
Lapha wavakashela isikole sangempela aphothula iziqu ngo-1913. Bekuphakathi kwezindonga zalesi sikhungo semfundo uNikolai kwaqala ukuba nentshisekelo ku-Chemistry nasePhysics. I-Passion for Science isekele uthisha ePhysics Vladimir Ivanovich KarmoVov, lapho usosayensi wekusasa azohlobanisa khona ubungane obude nofudumele.
Le nsizwa ibilokhu iqhubeka nokuhlolwa kwezivivinyo, etadisha ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, okuthi, ngethuse abantu abadala, yaphela ngokuqhuma. Kepha kulo nyaka, uSemenov waba nentshisekelo yokusabela okuqhumayo, okwaba yisisekelo socwaningo lwakhe lwesayensi.
Ngemuva kwesikole, uNikolai ungena e-University of Petrograd eMnyangweni wezibalo we-Physics kanye ne-Mathematics Faculty. Uyise anelisekile ngokuzikhethela kweNdodana yakhe, lapho ephupha ngokumbona empini. Phakathi komzali nendodana kunengxabano ehlala iminyaka eminingana.
Emcimbini wesibili, uNikolai ubandakanyeka kwisayensi ngaphansi kobuholi baka-Abraha Fedorovich Ioffe. Kwenza imisebenzi ku-ionization yama-athomu nama-molecule ngaphansi kwesenzo sokushaywa kwe-elektroni ku-shitters. Ngemuva kokuphothula eyunivesithi ngo-1917 unquma ukuhlala e-Alma Mater ukulungiselela ubuprofengu.
Entwasahlobo ka-1918, kwenzeka izehlakalo, ezishintsha izinga elizolile lempilo yososayensi osemusha. Ukufika ngamaholide ehlobo kubazali eSamara, unakekela impi yombango. Ngokusho kukaNikolai Nikolayevich, wayengaqondakali kahle okwenzeka ezweni, futhi ahlanganyela ngokuzithandela empini yabantu yoMhlangano WaseSamara, owayengaphansi kokuqondisa kukahulumeni wase-Eserovo.
Mayelana nokubuyela ePetrograd bekufanele ngikhohlwe. I-Semenov yaba ibhethri elijwayelekile lobuciko. Lalitholakala esikhundleni sokuzalela amahhashi cishe ngenyanga ngaphambili ngokumelene nebutho elibomvu. Kepha ngasheshe ngabona ukuthi inkonzo yamasosha akuyona inhloso yayo.
UNikolay ungene eholidini kuBaba ogula kakhulu eSamara. Ukusuka lapho ngadluliselwa ebhethri le-UFA, kodwa angizange ngiye ngakolunye uhlangothi, kodwa eTomsk, elabalwa ngokuhlaselwa ebuthweni elimhlophe. I-Semenov yethemba eTomsk ukuze iqhubeke nokuzibandakanya kwisayensi. E-TomSK Institute of Technology, wanikezwa ilabhorethri ocwaningweni nangethuba lokufundisa i-physics emnyangweni.
UNikolai wakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi eminingana ezimele yesayensi futhi wahlela umhlangano wesayensi ohlala njalo esikhungweni, wasebenza nabafundi abanekhono.
Ngo-1919, uSemenov wahlanganisa iKolchak ebuthweni. Inhloko yoMnyango we-Physics of Technology Technology, uBoris Petrovich Vainberg, uvumile ngokudluliswa kweNicholas esiteshini somsakazo lapho athunyelwa khona enhlanganweni yezobuchwepheshe.
Ngemuva kokungena eTomsk yebutho elibomvu, i-radiobatalon yangena kuzakwayo. Inyuvesi yalungisa isicelo egameni le-Commander of the City, ngesisekelo sokuxoshwa kwebutho.
Kamuva, isiqephu esimhlophe sogada e-bikolai nikolayevich sacishe samholela ekucindezelweni ngo-1937, lapho aboshwa uhlu lososayensi belilungiselela inhlangano yamaphekula amaFascist. Phakathi kwe-physiCo engabonakali-amakhemikhali e-semenov, kodwa yena nabanye abaningi "uzungu" bakwazi ukusinda. I-NKVD yesizathu esingaqondakali sabashiya yedwa.
Isayensi
Ngo-1920, uNikolai, esimemweni sika-Abraha Fedorovohich ioffi, ebuyela ePetrograd futhi wahlela isikhundla senhloko yezehlakalo zoMnyango wezobuchwepheshe we-X-ray kanye ne-radiological kanye nesikhungo se-radiological. Kusukela ngo-1921 waqanjwa kabusha kabusha kwi-Leningrad Physics and Technology Institute.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwenzeka icala elinelukuluku, elingabizwa ngokuthi yimfihlakalo, elidelela ikusasa lososayensi. Ngokubambisana nomuntu afunda naye, uPeter Kapitsa, bayala umdwebi wabo womculi odumile uBoris Kustodeiv.
"Kungani ungasidonsi, osaziwayo esizayo?" Kubuza umculi uKapitsa. Lokho akubuzayo ukuthi ososayensi abasebasha babuthana ngokuzayo kwamaLobel Laureates. Ngemuva kokuphendula ngokuqinisekiswa, umculi wahlehlisela isithombe esingesihle eShalyapin futhi saqala ukusebenza ngokuhlelekile kwabo.
NginoPeter Kapitsa Nikolai Semenov, iminyaka emide yobungani nomsebenzi wesayensi ohlanganisiwe. Ngo-1922, bahlakulela indlela yokulinganisa umzuzu kazibuthe we-athomu ku-magnetic magnetic magnetic, eyathuthukisa ngempumelelo ososayensi u-Otto u-Otto wangemuva noWalter Gerlah.
Ngo-1927, uNikolai Nikolayevich uqoke isikhundla senhloko yomkhakha wamakhemikhali nowamakhemikhali weLeningrad Fiztech, futhi kusukela ngo-1928 uba nguprofesa wakhe. Ngo-1931, kuguqulwa ku-Institute of Chemic Physics of Academy of Science of the USSR, usosayensi ophethe iminyaka engama-55.
Esikhathini seMpi Yezwe II, i-Semenov, kanye nabanye ososayensi baseSoviet, itholakala ngemuva, eKazan, lapho aqhubeka nokusebenza khona ezindabeni zokuvutha nokuqhuma. Imisebenzi yakhe yathola ukuqashelwa komhlaba. Kungumnikazi wethiyori yokuqhuma okushisayo nokushiswa kwegesi okuvuthayo. UNikolai Nikolaevich wakha imfundiso yokusakazeka kwelangabi, ukuwohloka, ukushiswa kweziqhumane.
Ngo-1943, isikhungo sakhe se-Chemical Physics sidluliselwa eMoscow, lapho kuqala khona umsebenzi we-Atomic. Ngemuva kwempi, uSemenov uqala ukuhlasela abanye ososayensi, owahlela enye yezinombolo ezifisayo zalesosikhathi, uprofesa wethimba le-physics laseMoscow State University Nikolai Sergeevich Akulov.
Kwakuwumkhankaso wemibono ovela kusosayensi omkhulu. Wasolela uSemenov ekuhleleni okuphansi phambi kweNtshonalanga nasekubumbeni kwemibono.
I-Herbal kanye nobungani ngeqiniso lokuthi isithiyo sika-Petro Kapitsa baba yizikhathi eziningi ezingemnandi emsebenzini wesayensi. USemenov wenqatshelwa ukubekezelelana ku-SemiPalatinsky Landfill, lapho bekuhlolwa khona amabhomu okuqala athomu. Abasebenzi abaningi basosayensi babandakanyeka lapha, kodwa bavinjelwe okuthile ukutshela umphathi ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa.
Ngemuva kokushona kukaStalin, umkhankaso wokulwa noSemenov wawuphelile, futhi iziphathimandla zaxhaswa ngexhaswa ngemuva komklomelo uNobel Nikolelayevich NOBEL MIBAL ngemuva komklomelo. Lesi senzakalo senzeke ngo-1956. Umklomelo we- "Ucwaningo emkhakheni wendlela yokuphendula yamakhemikhali", usosayensi uhlukaniswe kanye nomlingani waseBrithani nguSyril Hinselwood.
UNikolai Nikolayevich wakhethwa esikhundleni sokuba academician uNobhala woMnyango Chemical Sciences wase-USSR Academy of Sciences, bese wathola isihloko IPhini likaMengameli we-Academy of Sciences.
Ngo-1973, wayengomunye wabafundisi abasayine incwadi ephephandabeni lasePravda ngokulahlwa kokuziphatha kwe-Acadimian Sakharov.
UNikolai Nikolayevich wahola ama-ancy science kanye nenhlangano kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalo. Ukhethwe ezifundweni eziyi-14 zesayensi yamazwe ahlukene emhlabeni. Ukuze uthole umnikelo ku-Soviet Science, waba kabili umklomelo we-laureate womklomelo we-stalinist, kamuva umklomelo weLenin wengezwe kulo mklomelo.
Kubhaliso lombuso lokutholwa kwe-USSR, umsebenzi we-Academian Semenova ngesihloko esithi: "Umcimbi wamaketanga wamandla wamandla ekuphendukekeni kwamakhemikhali". Ngemuva kwakhe, usosayensi ushiye amagugu ngesimo sezincwadi zesayensi nezindatshana.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Usosayensi washada kathathu. UMaria Isidovna Boreysha-LimeravSkaya waba ngumlingani wokuqala, owayemdala kuneNikolai Nikoleyevich iminyaka engu-17. Ngenxa yendoda yakhe ethandekayo, washiya umndeni wangaphambili. Wayenezingane ezine. Kepha, ngeshwa, owesifazane wabulawa umdlavuza eminyakeni emi-2.
Ngemuva kokushona kukankosikazi wakhe, ngonyaka owedlule, uSemenov ushada nomshana kaMaria Isidorovna - uNatalia Burtseva. Lo mcimbi wenzeka ngo-1924. Izingane ezimbili zazalelwa embhangqwana: U-Yuri noLyudmila. Unkosikazi wasiza umyeni wakhe ohambweni lwakhe, oluhunyushwe ngezilimi ezintathu. Usosayensi uqobo akazange akhulume noma ngubani, kepha angafunda izincwadi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu yesosayensi isiphenduke isihloko sengxoxo e-Academy of Sciences of the Cindezela yeKomidi eliKhuzi eliKhuzi, ngesikhathi ngo-1971 wakhuluma nemvume yokudivosa nonkosikazi wakhe kanye nomshado eLidiya uGrigorievna Shcheevna Shcheevna Shcheevna Shcherbakova, yiphi wayesemncane kakhulu kune-academitian. Ngemuva kokuvuma, lo mbhangqwana wasayina futhi wahlala ndawonye iminyaka eminingi eyi-15. Azikho izingane kulo mshado.
Ukushona
Usosayensi wafa eMoscow ngoSepthemba 25, 1986 eneminyaka engama-90. Imbangela yokufa inguquko ehlobene nobudala.
UNikolai Nikolaevich ungcwatshwe emathuneni eNovodevichy. Asikho isithombe ethuneni lakhe, kepha isibalo sososayensi siphelele. Umsebenzi wenze i-vladimir fedorov yaseSoviet edumile.
-Zuzayo
• 1941 - Umklomelo kaStalin• Ngo-1943 - Ilungu elihlonishwayo lomphakathi wamakhemikhali wesiNgisi
• 1946 - Ukuhleleka kwesibhengezo esibomvu
• 1949 - Umklomelo kaStalin
• 1956 - Umklomelo we-Nobel Chemistry
• I-1958 - Ilungu Langaphandle LeRoyal Society of London
• Ngo-1960 - UDonondo Dokotela we-Oxford University
• I-1962 - Ilungu elihlonishwayo leNew York Academy of Science
• Ngo-1963 - Ilungu Langaphandle le-US National Academy of Science
• Ngo-1965 - Udokotela Ohlonishwayo eNyuvesi yaseLondon
• I-1966 - I-Hero of Socialist Labour
• Ngo-1969 - I-Big Gold Medal eqanjwe nguM. V. Lomonosov
• Ngo-1976 - Umklomelo weLenin
• 1976 - I-Hero of Socialist Labour
• I-1986 - Ukuhleleka kwe-Okthoba Revolution
I-Bibliography
Izincwadi
• Ngo-1934 - "Ukuphendula kwama-Chain"
• 1958 - "Kwezinkinga ezithile zama-kinetics amakhemikhali kanye nokuvuselelwa kabusha"
• Ngo-1973 - "Isayensi kanye Nenhlangano: Imibhalo Nenkulumo"
Imibhalo
• Ngo-1923 - "Amandla ama-Ionization namagesi kanye namagesi omfula"
• Ngo-1924 - "I-Chemistry kanye ne-Electronic Fisenomena"
• Ngo-1925 - "ku-molecular beam"
• 1930 - "Ukuphendula kwama-Chain"
• 1930 - "Ukusabela okulula kwamakhemikhali"
• 1931 - "Ukuqhuma kwegesi kanye ne-Chain Reaction theory"
• 1940 - "Ithiyori eshisayo yokushiswa nokuqhuma"
• 1940 - "Ithiyori eshisayo yokushiswa nokuqhuma" (ukuphela)
• 1953 - "Imibuzo esemqoka yomqondo wesimanje wokushiswa okunobunzima bokuhlanganiswa kwegesi enobungozi"
• Ngo-1967 - "Ukuzilazisa kanye nokuphendula kwe-chain"
• 1986 - "Indlela eya kwisayensi"