Biography
Nikolai Nikolayevich Semenev: Sesaesa Runyararo, uyo mabasa avo achiri kudzidza uye anoshandisa nharaunda yesainzi yesainzi mumabasa avo. Aigara hupenyu hwakanaka makanga mune nzvimbo yakakwana yekuzvidya moyo uye kukunda. Mumeso ake, nyika yacho yakanga ichichinja - kubva kuna Tsarist Russia kuenda kuSoviet Union.
Nikolai Nikolaevich akapona nehondo yevagari, Shanduko, kudzvinyirira kwe 30s, Hondo yechipiri yechipiri. Uye zvisinei nekuti yaive yakaoma sei, akaramba akatendeka kune sainzi. Semonov ichiri kunoramba ichiri chete musayendisiti weRussia akagamuchira mubairo weNobel mumakemikari.
Hudu uye Vechidiki
Nikolai Nikolayevich Semenev akaberekwa muna Kubvumbi 15, 1896 mumhuri yehutachiona hwehutongi. Baba - Nikolay AlexandRovich, Amai - Elena Alexandrovna. Runyorwa rwemunyepedzeri kusvika 1909 akabata chiduku muSaratov, saka mhuri iyi yakatamira kuSamara.
Pano akashanyira chikoro chaicho chaakapedza kudzidza nevanokudza muna 1913. Yakanga iri mukati memadziro eiyi institution Nikolai yakatanga kufarira kemikari uye fizikisi. Kuda kwesainzi inotsigirwa mudzidzisi mufizikisi Vladimir Ivanovich Karmilov, iyo iyo Scientist yemangwana ichabatanidza hushamwari hwakareba uye hunodziya.
Jaya racho rairamba richingoita muedzo, achidzidza zvemakemikari maitiro, ayo, kune zvinotyisa zvevakuru, zvakapera nekuputika. Asi pazera rino, semevosi aifarira kuita zvinoputika, izvo zvakave hwaro hwekutsvaga kwake kwesainzi.
Pashure pechikoro, Nikolai anopinda muYunivhesiti yePetrograd paDhipatimendi remasvomhu reFiziki uye Mathematics Frotulty. Baba vake havagutsikane nesarudzo yemwanakomana wavo, sezvaakarota kuti amuone muchiuto. Pakati pemubereki nemwanakomana pane kukakavara kunogara kwemakore akati wandei.
Padivi rechipiri, Nikolai anogadzira sainzi pasi pehutungamiriri hwaAria Fedorovich iifi. Inoita mabasa pane ionization yematomu uye mamorekuru pasi pechiito cheElectron stret mune gasi rinopisa. Mushure mekupedza kudzidza kuyunivhesiti muna 1917 anosarudza kuramba ari muAlma mater kugadzirira purofesa.
Muchirimo cha1918, zviitiko zvinoitika, izvo zvinoshandura huwandu hwakadzikama hwehupenyu hwevanhu vechidiki. Kusvika pane zororo rezhizha kuvabereki muSamara, iye ane hanya nehondo yevagari. Sekureva kwaNikolai Nikolayevich, haana kunzwisiswa zvisina kufanira kuti zvaiitika munyika, uye akabatana nokuzvidira kuuto revanhu vegungano reSamara, rakanga riri pasi pehurumende yeEserovo.
Zvekudzokera kuPetrograd ini ndaifanira kukanganwa. Semenev yakava yakajairika artillery bhatiri. Yakanga iri munzvimbo yekutakura kwebhiza zvinenge mwedzi kumberi kurwisa uto red red. Asi ndakakurumidza kuona kuti basa reuto harisi chinangwa chayo.
Nikolay akatora zororo kune baba vanorwara zvakanyanya muSamate. Kubva ipapo ndakaendeswa kuUFA bhatiri, asi ini handina kuenda kunhungamiro, asi muTomsk, iyo yakaverengerwa nehondo chena. Semenev inotambudza muTomsk kuti ienderere mberi kuita sainzi. MuTomsk Institute of Technology, Akapihwa neArabhoritari yekutsvaga uye mukana wekudzidzisa fizikisi kuDhipatimendi.
Nikolai akakwanisa kuita mabasa akati wandei akadaro uye akaronga musangano usingaperi wesainzi paSangano, akashanda nevadzidzi vane tarenda.
Muna 1919, semonov akaumba kolchak muuto. Musoro weDhipatimendi reFofics of the Tomsk Institute of Tekinoroji, Boris Petrovich Valights, akabvuma kuendesa kwaNicholas kuenda kuRadio Station kubva kwaakatumirwa kune iyo Institute of Technology.
Mushure mekupinda tomsk yemauto matsvuku, radioburon yakapinda muchimiro chayo. Iyo yunivhesiti yakagadzira chikumbiro muzita remutungamiriri weguta, pamusoro peiyo Semenov yakadzingwa muuto.
Gare gare, chena chengetedza episode mu biography of Nikolai Nikolayevich akapfuura muna 1937, apo rondedzero dzakasungwa dzevaMasayendisiti vaigadzirira kuLascar Sangano reFascist. Pakati pezvisina kujairika phyiyo-chemakemikari yeSemenov, asi iye nevamwe vakati wandei "vakarangana" vakakwanisa kurarama. Nkvd nekuda kwechikonzero chisinganzwisisike chakasiya ivo vega.
Sainzi
Muna 1920, Nikolai, pakukoka kwaAbraha Fedorovich IOF, anodzokera kuPetrograd fani yePhomera yeiyo phenomena yeHefiniki yeiyo X-ray uye radiological institution institution. Kubva 1921 akatumidzwa kuLingrad Fiziki uye Technology Institute.
Mugore rimwe chetero, nyaya yekuda kuziva inoitika, iyo inogona kunzi isinganzwisisike, yakafanorongerwa ramangwana resainzi. Pamwe chete pamwe naye waanodzidza naye, Peter Kapitsa, vakaraira mufananidzo wavo weiyo muimbi ane mukurumbira Boris Kuttodiev.
"Nei usiri kutikwevera, zvinozivikanwa zvichiramba?" Akabvunza muimbi kapitsa. Zvaakabvunza kana masayendisiti madiki aiungana mune ramangwana reNobel Lualates. Mushure memhinduro yekusimbisa, iyo Artist yakatumira mufananidzo usina kugadziriswa weSharyapin uye akatanga kushanda pane yavo odhi.
NaPeter Kapisa Nikolai Semenov, makore mazhinji eushamwari uye basa resainzi resainzi raive rakabatana. Muna 1922, vakagadzira nzira yekuyera nguva yemagineti yemagineti mune munda wemagineti, iro rakabudirira kuvaka masayendisiti otto Stern uye Walter Gerlah.
Muna 1927, Nikolai Nikolayevich akagadzwa pachinzvimbo chemusoro wemakemikari uye technical chikamu che levenrad fiztech, uye kubva kuma1928 anova purofesa wake. Muna 1931, inoshandurwa kuInstitute yeMakemikari Fizikisi yeChikwata cheMasainzi eUSSR, iyo iyo sainzi inorauka kwemakore makumi mashanu nematanhatu.
Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, Semenov, pamwe chete nevamwe masayendisiti veSoviet, iri mumashure, muKazan, kwaanoenderera mberi nekushandira nyaya dzekupiswa uye kuputika. Mabasa ake akagashira kuzivikanwa kwenyika. Iyo ine dzidziso yekuputika kuputika uye kupisa gasi musanganiswa. Nikolai Nikolavich anogadzira dzidziso yekupararira kwemurazvo, campation, ichipisa kweanoputika.
Muna 1943, inyanzvi yake yemakemikari fizikiki inotamiswa kuMoscow, uko basa rinoshanda pane chirongwa cheAtomi chinotanga. Hondo yapera, Semonov akatanga kurwisa nemamwe masayendisiti manhamba enguva iyoyo, purofesa wefizikiya yeMoscow University Nikolai Sergeevich Arulov.
Yaive mushandirapamwe wakachena kubva kune mumwe musayendisiti. Akapomera Semenov mune yakaderera-kuronga pamberi peWest uye mumugodhi wemazano.
Mishonga uye kushamwaridzana nenyaya yekuti chipingamupinyi petro kapitsa zvakava nguva zhinji dzisingafadzi mubasa resaenzi. Semenev yakarambidzwa kushivirira kune iyo semaplicatinsky landfill, uko mabhomba ekutanga etomiki aive achiedzwa. Vazhinji vevashandi vechiyedzo vaibatanidzwa pano, asi vakarambidzwa nechimwe chinhu chekuudza maneja nezve mhedzisiro yemuedzo.
Mushure mekufa kwaStalin, mushandirapamwe waive pamusoro peSemene, uye zviremera zvakapihwa mvumo mushure mekunge mubayiro Nikolai Nikolayevich Nobel Mubairo mushure meMubairo weKufera. Chiitiko ichi chakaitika muna 1956. Mubairo we "tsvagiridzo mumunda wemakemikari eMaketices Mechanism", sainzi yakakamurwa pamwe chete neBritish mupikidzi naSidril Norman Hinsedu.
Nikolai Nikolayevich akasarudzwa kune positi yeDhipatimendi reAcademician-yeDhipatimendi reMakemani Sesainzi eUSSR Chikoro cheMasainzi, akabva agamuchira musoro wemutungamiri wemutungamiri wenyaya.
Muna 1973, aive mumwe wevadzidzi vakasaina tsamba muPravda pepanhau nekupiwa mhosva yekuita kweAcademician Sakharov.
Nikolai Nikolayevich LED LED Aile Active Inoshanda Sainzi uye Sangano uye Zvemagariro Zviitiko. Akasarudzwa kusvika kune gumi nematanhatu ezvimwe sainzi munyika dzakasiyana dzenyika. Chipo kune sainzi yeSoviet, yakava kaviri iyo yekunyora kweiyo mubairo weStalinist, gare gare mubairo weLenin wakawedzerwa kumubairo.
MuRudzi rweNyika yezviwanikwa zveUSSR, iro basa redzidzo yekudzidza pamusoro wenyaya: "Chinhu chemagetsi esimba makemikari mune zvemakemikari". Pashure pake, musayendisiti akasiya nhaka muchimiro chemabhuku esainzi nezvinyorwa.
Hupenyu Hwako
Mugove wakaroora katatu. Maria Isidovna Boreysha-Livirovskaya akava mukadzi wekutanga, aive mukuru pane nikolai nikolayevich kwemakore gumi nematanhatu. Nemhaka yemurume wake waaida, akasiya mhuri yekare. Aive nevana vana. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa, mukadzi akafa nekenza mumakore maviri.
Mushure mekufa kwemukadzi wake, gore rakatevera, Semenevari anoroora muNice of Maria Isidorovna - Natalia Bursseva. Chiitiko chakaitika muna 1924. Vana vaviri vakaberekerwa muvaviri: Yuri naRyudmila. Mukadzi akabatsira murume wake mundima yake nzendo, akashandurwa kubva mumitauro mitatu. Masayenzi iye amene haana kutaura chero munhu, asi aigona kuverenga mabhuku acho.
Hupenyu hwomasayenzi hwave nyaya yekukurukurirana pane zvikwangwani zveDare repakati reCpesu, apo muna 1971 raizotaurirana nemukadzi wake uye kuroora paLydia Grigorievna shcherbakova, iro aive mudiki kwazvo pane edzimwe. Mushure mekubvumirana, vaviri ava vakasaina vakararama pamwe chete kwemakore gumi nemashanu. Pakanga pasina vana mune muchato uyu.
Rufu
Mugove akafa muMoscow musi waSeptember 25, 1986 aine makore makumi mapfumbamwe. Iko kukonzera kwerufu kwakanangana nezera.
Nikolai Nikolavich anovigwa kuNovderevichy Cemetery. Iko hakuna mufananidzo paguva rake, asi mufananidzo wesainzi wakakwana. Basa racho vakaita svutugadzike rakakurumbira sculptor vladimir Fedorov.
Mubairo
• 1941 - mubairo waStalin• 1943 - Honorary nhengo yeChirungu Chemical Sosaiti
• 1946 - kurongeka kwerudzi red
• 1949 - mubairo waStalin
• 1956 - Nobel Chemistry Mubairo
• 1958 - Nhengo yekune dzimwe nyika yeRoyal Society yeLondon
• 1960 - chiremba anokudzwa weOxford University
• 1962 - Nhengo yeKonorary yeNew York Academy yeScience
• 1963 - Nhengo yekune dzimwe nyika yeU.National Academy yeSainzi
• 1965 - Chiremba anokudzwa eyunivhesiti yeLondon
• 1966 - Gamba reVashandi veSocialist
• 1969 - Big Gold Menduru yainzi M. V. Lomonosov
• 1976 - Lenin Mubairo
• 1976 - gamba rebasa remagariro
• 1986 - kuraira kweiyo Gumiguru Revolution
BHAIBHERI
Mabhuku
• 1934 - "Nyankiti Yekuita"
• 1958 - "Pane mamwe matambudziko emakemikari kinetics uye maitiro"
• 1973 - "Sayenzi nenharaunda: Zvinyorwa uye Kutaura"
Zvinyorwa
• 1923 - "Ionization zvinhu uye magasi uye mupfusi unopisa zvinhu"
• 1924 - "Chemistry uye zvemagetsi zviitiko"
• 1925 - "pamapundu emamorasi"
• 1930 - "Katten Realtaons"
• 1930 - "Iwo Akareruka Makemikari"
• 1931 - "Kuputika kweGasi uye Chain Reaction Dzidziso"
• 1940 - "Dzidziso yeTermal yekupisa uye kuputika"
• 1940 - "Rwiyo rwePermal rwekupisa uye kuputika" (kupera)
• 1953 - "Mibvunzo mikuru yedzidziso yemazuva ano yehomogenious kupisa kwehomogendious magices"
• 1967 - "Kuzvigadzirira uye maitiro ekuzvifunga"
• 1986 - "Nzira yeSainzi"