I-Biograge
Enye yezingqondo ezigqamile zaseRussia zekhulu lokuqala le-XX, isazi sefilosofi, umlobi kanye nohulumeni. I-dissertation ka-Ivan Ilin, enikezelwe kwifilosofi kaGeorge Hegel, ibhekwa njengencazelo engcono kakhulu yemisebenzi yomcabangi waseJalimane. U-Ilyin akazange amukele inguquko kanye ne-Bolshevik Authority, okwakuyisizathu sokuxoshwa kwakhe eRussia.
Impilo kwelinye izwe kwakuwumthwalo osindayo wososayensi owake wabona kuphela enkonzweni yaseBabaland. Kodwa ngenxa yabafundi bakhe nabalandeli bakhe abalethe umsebenzi wokukhanyiswa, umnikelo we-Ilina ekwakhiweni komcabango wefilosofi waseRussia akufanele abukwe phansi.
Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Ivan Alexandrovich Ilin wazalwa ngoMashi 28 (ngokwesitayela esisha ngo-Ephreli 9) ka-1883 eMoscow emndenini omkhulu omuhle. Ubaba u-Alexander Ivanovich Ilsin - unobhala we-gubernsky, esifundeni ummeli we-Skern we-Moscow Judicial Chamber. Umama - ekaterina yulievdna Schweiker, ubuzwe baseJalimane, owamukela ama-Orthodoxy. Lo mbhangqwana waletha amadodana wesine: U-Alexey, u-Alexander, u-Ivan no-Igor.
Umndeni wakwa-Ilya waduma ngobuhle nemvelaphi yakhe enhle. Phakathi kokhokho omangalisayo obabaya - umkhulu u-Ivan Ivanovich Ilsin, unjiniyela, wabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kweGrand Kremlin Palace, wabe esekhonza kuye umyalo. U-Alexander Ivanovich ngokwakhe wayeyi-Skeleton of Emperor Alexander II.
Bazali, abantu bezenkolo nabafundile, bafuna ukunika izingane imfundo enhle futhi bavumelana nokuqeqeshwa kwabo. Onke amadodana ka-Ildini athola imfundo egqamile ngobuqili, ehamba ezinyathelweni zikaYise.
U-Ivan, naye, ofunde iminyaka emi-5 eMoscow Gymnasium kanye neminyaka emi-3 eMoscow Gymnasium, wangena kwi-Law Fakly ye-Moscow University ngo-1901. Umfakisicelo ngendondo yegolide kanye nolwazi oluhle kakhulu lwezilimi eziningana (ngaphandle kwesiFulentshi nesiJalimane, esiphethwe yisiLatini, isiGrikhi kanye neSonto Slavonic) kamuva saba ngomunye wabafundi abahamba phambili baseNyuvesi.
Ifilosofi nemisebenzi yezenhlalo
Esefundile ilungelo, u-Ivan walithathwa yifilosofi. Kancane kancane, uthando lwahlelwa kabusha lube nentshisekelo ejulile. Ulwazi lwezilimi luvule umfundi ngokuthola imisebenzi yabacabangi abakhulu beKant, uPlato, u-Aristotle, uScling, kepha iningi lale nsizwa lingena ezimfundisweni zikaHegel. Ukusondela kwemibono yefilosofi yaseJalimane i-Ilin kuzokhukhula kukho konke impilo yakhe, kuzoba yisisekelo sokwenza imisebenzi yakwamanye amazwe.
Othisha baka-Ivan baba abafundisi abavelele zefilosofi: inkosana ka-Evgeny Trubetskoy, izakhamizi zePavel Novgorod, ezazi, ngaphezu kwamakhono aphezulu engqondo, aphawula ukusebenza kwakhe okuhle. Kwakuyi-trubetskaya ephendulwe i-ilyon ekugcineni kwezifundo zazo ngo-1906 e-Alma Mater, yaqala ukulungiselela imisebenzi yokufundisa nokunye ebufefe.
Izinkulumo zokuqala zothisha osemusha zaqala ukufunda ezifundweni zabesifazane abaphakeme baseMoscow, lapho ahlangana khona nonkosikazi wesikhathi esizayo - uNatalia Vocach. Umshado awuzange wephule amacebo akhe ngomsebenzi wesayensi. Ngo-1909, i-Ilsin, edlula ezivivinyweni, wathola iziqu ze-Master emthethweni wombuso, wavikela isihloko se-Privat-Draft eMnyangweni we-Encyclopedia Law kanye nomlando wefilosofi yoMthetho weMoscow University.
Ukuqala komsebenzi wesayensi ka-Ivan Ilin kubhekwa njengo-1910, lapho eba yilungu lomphakathi wezengqondo waseMoscow futhi wanyathelisa umsebenzi wokuqala "Umqondo woMthetho namandla". Emva kwalokho, usosayensi kanye nomkakhe baya efundeni yakwamanye amazwe eYurophu. Kuze kube ngu-1912, ulalela inkulumo yezazi zefilosofi ezinkulu kakhulu zaseYurophu, idolobha laseZimmel, e. Gusserly kanye nabanye emanyuvesi aseBerlin naseParis.
Lolu hambo lwalungelo usosayensi olunomqondo omusha, omusha: I-Europe kuleyo minyaka yabhekana nokuguquguquka kwezitayela nokutholwa kwefilosofi. Ikakhulu, u-Ilyonina waheha ukuqonda kwesayensi ye-phenomenology. Abaqeqeshi abasebancane futhi yena uqobo ukhuluma nemibiko emizini yesayensi, izinkulumo zakhe zijabulela impumelelo engashintshiwe. Njengoba sesifinyelele inqubekela phambili, u-Ilsin wafika eRussia ngo-1913 ephefumulelwe, amacebo agcwele esayensi nokubhala azart.
"Ngicabanga ngalokhu ngicabanga kakhulu kangangokuba ngezikhathi zokukhathala noma ukwenqabisa kubonakala sengathi ngiyisiwula", "ubhala kwidayari yakhe.
U-Ilsin usebenza kakhulu: izinkulumo zakhe ezihehayo kwifilosofi kanye ne-psychology eMoscow University ziqoqa amakamelo agcwele abafundi. Emisebenzini yokufundisa, u-Ivan usebenza ngezindatshana kanye ne-dissertations. Omunye wakubo obufebe sakhe uyasebenza: "Okwenzeka emlandweni wobuntu" (1911), "Ekuvuseleleni i-Heregeralism" (1912), "ifilosofi Fichte njengenkolo kanembeza" (1914), "okushiwo ngokomoya ngempi "(1915) nabanye abaningi.
Konke lokhu kuyenzeka ngokumelene nesizinda sokuvukelwa okuzayo kuka-1917. Kodwa-ke, izingcingo zokuqala azisabi yisitha sobusovimbi ilina. Ngisho nezehlakalo ezingamaFebhuwari abona njengokungcola kwesikhashana. Kepha inguquko ka-Okthoba kanye noshintsho lombuso, uhlangana nokwesabeka kwangempela. Ilsin Ottoodly isekele i-White Army, kufaka phakathi umkhankaso, izindatshana ezishicilelwe lapho afaka khona ezisebenza kulowo onogada abamhlophe, ebabiza abawinile. Kulokhu, ngaphezu kwalokhu okuboshwa kusukela ngo-1918.
Kulowo nyaka, i-ilsin yavikela kahle ifilososofi ye-thesis "ye-hegel njengemfundiso yesibonakaliso sikaNkulunkulu nendoda", ethola ama-degree amabili ngasikhathi sinye: Master kanye nodokotela besayensi yombuso. Futhi ukuboshwa kososayensi ovelele, bese kuthi lokho kulingwa kuye, kwabangela ukuba kube khona okukhulu emphakathini. Ngokwengxenye, ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwe-Intelligentsia, ukuxolelwa kwe-ambulensi kwe-Ilina kwaqedwa.
Iminyaka engu-4 ubudala u-Ivan Alexandrovich wasebenza ngezimo ezinzima kuye ngaphansi kokuqapha okusondele kakhulu kweChekisti, amahlandla ambalwa aboshwa "ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi we-anti-soviet". Ngenxa yalokhu, ngokuhleleka kweziphathimandla, u-Illna uthunyelwa evela eRussia esangeni elibizwa nge- "Filosophical Steamer." Kanye naye, abanye abantu abangu-160 abavela phakathi kwengcweti ethuthukayo abasele.
Ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe
EJalimane, lapho kwafika usosayensi waseRussia, kwaqala khona izahluko ezintsha ze-biography yakhe. Ngo-1923, inyuvesi yezesayensi yaseRussia yavula eBerlin, uprofesa wakhe owaba u-Ilyin. Ufundise nge-encyclopedia yomthetho, ifilosofi nama-aesthetics ngesiRussia naseJalimane futhi asabhekana nokubaluleka kokubhala nemisebenzi yemfundo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi ye-resonant yalesi sikhathi - Ukwakheka "ngokumelana kwamandla amabi" kwashicilelwa ngo-1925.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Ilsin wahola umsebenzi wasobala enhlanganweni yezenkolo nezefilosofi academy kanye nomphakathi wefilosofi. Uhambe nezinkulumo mayelana neRussia yonke i-Europe, washicilela umagazini "I-Russian Bell". Kubukeka sengathi impilo efudukayo yaqala ukusungulwa, kodwa ekuthendeni ama-30s kwafika eJalimane. Ukwenqaba ukwamukela imibono yeNational Socialism, i-Ilsin iyaphoqeleka ukuthi ishiye inyuvesi, futhi ngokushesha ukucasha kuGestapo nakancane.
Ngo-1938 kuphela, wakwazi ukuya eSwitzerland. Umngani wakudala, umqambi uSergey Rakhmaninov, wasizwa ukuba ahlale lapha, owenze isibambiso semali ukuze ifilosofi nomkakhe ayidingi kuBerlin.
Iziphathimandla zavumela u-Illinin ukuthi ahlale, kepha waphuca ilungelo lokusebenza, ukushicilelwa kanye nemisebenzi yezenhlalo. U-Ivan Alexandrovich nomkakhe bahlala endaweni engaphansi kweZurich - Tsolyon. Konke angenza ukwenza isayensi.
Lapha, ekuthumeleni okuphoqelekile kwesibili, u-Ivan Ilyin wabhala inqwaba yomsebenzi ovelele. Okokuqala, umsebenzi waphothulwa, owanikezela iminyaka engama-33 yokuphila - "ama-axioms olwazi lwenkolo". Ubhale nochungechunge lwezincwadi ezintathu "zokuphila. Incwadi yenduduzo "," Ukuhlabelela Inhliziyo. Incwadi yokucabanga okuthule "kanye" esikweni esizayo saseRussia. "
Impilo yomuntu siqu
"Amandla wemvelo namandla kaMoya ahlanganiswe ukungahlukaniswa; Futhi-ke uthando lwengqondo luba uphawu oluthembekile nolunembile lokusondelana ngokomoya nothando olungokomoya, "kusho u-Ivan Alexandrovich wabhala emibhalweni yakhe.Ubenenhlanhla ngokwanele ukuba ahlangane nomuntu amthola injabulo empilweni yakhe nobuhlobo obungokomoya.
UNatalia Nikolaevna Vokach waba ngumnyuziyamu othembekile, umlingani kanye nekati kososayensi baseRussia. Iziqu zezifundo zabesifazane eziphakeme, owesifazane wakhanyisela futhi wafundisa, wahlukanisa imibono yoMlingani. Wenza ifilosofi, isazi-mlando sobuciko, umlando.
UNatalia Nikolaevna wabelane nomyeni wakhe wonke umngcwabo wokufuduka futhi wasondela ekugcineni, exhasa futhi egadi. Azikho izingane ezivela kumbhangqwana womndeni.
Ukushona
Ngaphandle kokugxila okuphelele emisebenzini yokubhala, u-Ivan Alexandrovich wayengekho isikhathi esanele. Wayefuna ukuqeda incwadi ethi "Emakhosini", alungiselelwe ukushicilelwa komsebenzi "indlela eya ebufakazini," kuhlelwe ukuhlela umsebenzi wakudala. Kepha kwakukhona isazi sefilosofi esandayo esasingathandeki embhedeni wesibhedlela. Ngenxa yalokho, umzimba awuzange ubhekane nomthwalo: Disemba 21, 1954, u-Ilniken ushonile. Ukufa kwenzeka ngenxa yobuthakathaka ngenxa yezifo ezivame kakhulu.
U-Ivan Alexandrovich wangcwatshwa eZollyon. Unkosikazi, owasinda iminyaka engu-8, wabuye wazuza ukuthula kwaphakade lapha. Ngo-2005 kuphela kuphela, i-prah of bouse yathunyelwa eRussia yangcwatshwa e-necropolis yesigodlo se-DON Monastery.
Imisebenzi ka-Ilsina yaqala ukushicilelwa ezweni lakubo kusukela ekuqaleni kwabangu-90s futhi bathandwa ngabayeni abaningi abavelele bezikhathi zanamuhla. Izilinganiso zefilosofi ezisetshenziswayo ezinkulumweni zazo nguMongameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin, umqondisi wefilimu uNikita Mikhalkov nabanye.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1915 - "Imfundiso ejwayelekile ngakwesokunene nesimo"
- Ngo-1918 - "Ifilosofi kaHegel njengemfundiso yesibonakaliso sikaNkulunkulu nomuntu"
- Ngo-1925 - "Ngokumelana namandla amabi"
- 1931 - "Ubuthi bolshevism"
- Ngo-1937 - "Okuyisisekelo Sesiko LobuKristu"
- 1958 - "Ukuhlabelela Inhliziyo. Incwadi Yokucabanga Okuthulayo "