Namuhla, isayensi yezinkanyezi ifinyelele empumelelweni engakaze ibonwe, kodwa isintu sisekude kakhulu ekuxazululeni zonke izimfihlakalo ukuthi umkhathi uqobo. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto zesikhala, ngaphandle kwamaplanethi amahle kakhulu, kukhona futhi kubukeka sengathi kumnandi, i-physics ekhona ekhona. Njengoba ezinye izinambuzane ezidonsela phansi, isikhala nesikhathi kusontekile ngaphakathi. Okuningi mayelana noMugodi Omnyama futhi kungani kubizwa kanjalo, ku-Material 24cm.
Kungani umgodi "omnyama"?
Amaqiniso amangalisayo ngezilwane abantu abakholelwa kuwo ngaphambili
Ngaphansi komgodi omnyama kwisayensi yanamuhla, into yesikhala iyaqondwa yinqwaba enkulu kangaka, eqala ukuncela imvelo, kufaka phakathi izinhlayiya ezihamba ngejubane lokukhanya. Okungukuthi, ukukhanya ngokwako akukwazi ukunqoba ukuheha okunamandla okunjalo.
Ngakho-ke igama elivikelekile emibuthanweni yesayensi. Umgodi uyindawo lapho isihloko sanyamalala khona lapho. Futhi umbala uthi: Kubhekwe ngakho-ke le ndawo ayiyeki noma iyiphi imisebe. Ngakho-ke, "umgodi omnyama", eqinisweni, isichazamazwi sokuthi "ukungacabangi," ngoba iso lomuntu ngeke likwazi ukubona indawo emnyama ibhekene nendawo emgodini wesikhala sangaphandle.
Ukuhlukunyezwa okucatshangelwe kunemingcele, ukuwela noma iyiphi into engasakwazi ukuqala ukubuyela emuva, futhi kufanele kube yingxenye yomzimba omkhulu we-cosmic. Le ndawo ezungeze umgodi omnyama ibizwa ngokuthi "imicimbi yezehlakalo".
Ukuvula
Isayensi ekhombisa umongo we-phenomenon yaqala ukuyisebenzisa engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20. Kodwa-ke, izimbobo ezimnyama zafunda isikhathi eside ngaphambi kwalapho. Emuva ngekhulu le-XVIII, umpristi kanye nompristi wemvelo uJohn Michell baqala ukuvezwa nge-hypothesis ngobukhona bezinkanyezi ezinensimu edonsela phansi ngisho nejubane lokukhanya bekungeke kwanele ukushiya imingcele yalo.
Ekufundeni kwethiyori, esikhathini esizayo, izazi zesayensi yezesayensi eziningi kanye nezazi zezibalo zenze umnikelo obalulekile, kufaka phakathi u-Albert Einstein. Kodwa-ke, ukuze izimbobo ezimnyama zibe yiqiniso lesayensi, zazidinga ukuthola. Umbuzo wavela ngokuthi ungabona kanjani izinto ezithola noma iyiphi imisebe engeke ibonwe kusetshenziswa isibonakude.
Kulesi simo, ososayensi basize okuhlangenwe nakho ngesikhathi somsebenzi ekutholweni kwezinye ukungaboni ngaso linye, njengothuli olumnyama lwe-nebulae. Bona, njengezindawo ezimnyama, zibonakale ngokumelene nesizinda sezinto ezikhanyayo, njengezinkanyezi negesi nebulaee.
Le ndlela isetshenziselwe futhi yafuna izimbobo ezimnyama ngezinhlayiya zendaba, igqamisa inani elikhulu lamandla lapho liwela umkhathizeli wemicimbi. Okusho ukuthi, inqubo iqukethe ukubheka okujikeleza esifundeni ngamandla adonsela phansi ahlukile wezinhlayiya ngesikhathi sokutholwa kwendaba. Ngakho-ke, umgodi omnyama ubukeka njengebala ngediski ekhanyayo nxazonke.
Ukuba khona kwama-anomalies adonsela phansi kugcinwe isimo semodeli ye-theoretical kuze kube ngu-2015, lapho ukucatshangelwa kusekelwa idatha entsha, kufaka phakathi isithombe somgodi omnyama owenziwe ngo-2019. Isithombe sento senziwe esithombeni. Lesi sakamuva sashukumisela umphakathi wesayensi osemhlabeni wonke ukuthi amemezele ukuqala kwesigaba esisha ocwaningweni lwesikhala.
Kumiswa kanjani izimbobo ezimnyama
Imibuzo eminingi ikhiqiza indlela yokwakhiwa kwezimbobo ezimnyama. I-Astrophysics ibeke izinguqulo ezine ezichazayo ezichaza ukubukeka kwama- "Eraders of the World of araders amahle kuma-cosmos.
Ekukhanyeni okutholakalayo, indawo iyakwazi ukuguqula noma iyiphi inkanyezi ngesisindo esanele. Lapho ukusabela kwe-thermonuclear kuyeka ukwenzeka kuyo, "kuvuvukala", ngenkathi kwakha uhlobo olusha lwento yesikhala.
- I-Neutror Star nge-density emangalisayo yento enesisindo esiqhathaniswa ne-solar, ngosayizi onesizotha (ububanzi angeqi okungu-20-30 km);
- luminous ezinsalweni zamandla okushisa futhi kancane kancane apholile ama-white mhlophe amancane (uma iningi lezinkanyezi azanele ukuphenduka i-neutron);
- Uma inkanyezi okungenani ephindwe kathathu isisindo selanga, khona-ke ihlanganiswe kakhulu ephenduka umgodi omnyama.
Uma isimo sokuqala sisuselwa ekuweni kwezinkanyezi, bese kuba okwesibili - sichaza inqubo efanayo, kwenzeka kuphela ngento enkulu, ngokwesibonelo, ngengxenye yomthala. Njengenkanyezi, okwedlule kwehla ngosayizi ngaphansi kwesenzo somthwalo waso futhi kugxile sonke isisindo sento ngenani elincane. Namuhla, ososayensi bayazi ngobukhona bezimbobo ezimnyama ezikhungweni zemithala yonke indawo yonke.
Ngokwesimo sesithathu, izidumbu ze-supermassive arophysical zinikezwa indawo amakhasi okuqala omlando wendawo yonke, lapho kuqale ukunwebeka. Ukuqhuma okukhulu kwakha imibandela lapho izindawo ezinobuningi bezimbobo ezimnyama zamabanga aphansi ziba khona. Lapho-ke ukwanda komkhathi "kwakhala" kusendaweni yendawo.
Uhlobo lwakamuva lususelwa eqinisweni lokuthi umgodi omnyama wakhelwa ngenxa yokuphendula kwamandla enundiso aphezulu angenziwa kabusha elabhorethri. Iqiniso Elithakazelisayo: I-Hadron Collers, lapho izinqubo ezinjalo zethulwa, ezibangelwa ezesabekayo kwabaningi, ngoba bekukholelwa ukuthi ucwaningo olunjalo luzoholela ekwakhekeni komgodi omnyama khona kanye emhlabeni wethu.
Ngokweqiniso, izimbobo ezimnyama ezakhiwe kusuka ezintweni zezinqwaba ezahlukahlukene zingahluka kakhulu komunye nomunye ngosayizi. Isibonelo, labo abavele masinyane ngemuva kokuhlelwa okukhulu ngokuphikisana nesizinda seziqhwaga ezinesisindo esingaphezu kwelanga ezigidini zezigidi zezigidi zezikhathi ezithile. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi bahlukanisa lezi zindawo zokuzijabulisa ezifundeni: izimbobo ezimnyama zenkanyezi, i-supermassive ne-quantum.
Emgodini omnyama wesisindo senkanyezi kungaguqulwa inkanyezi eseqalile ukupholisa nokuncipha ngaphansi kwesenzo sokudonsela phansi kwayo. Kodwa-ke, konke kuncike kusisindo namanye amapharamitha angadala ukucindezelwa ayeke esigabeni esithile, bese umphumela ube yinkanyezi ye-superlit kuphela. Isibonelo, ukuze ilanga libe ngumgodi omnyama, lidinga "ukuzuza isisindo", ngoba amabusi alo akwanele ukuwa kwezenkolo. Ngokusho kososayensi, isiphetho sokukhanya kwethu kungukuguqulwa kube yinqwaba emhlophe.
I-nucleus yomugqa wemithala iqukethe izimbobo ezimnyama ezimnyama, eziqanjwe njengoba zingenakuqhathaniswa nokuthile okujwayelekile ebuntwini. Ngisho nelanga lincane kakhulu ukuba okungenani lichaze lezi zinto ezinkulu. Umgodi omnyama onjalo - enkabeni yeMilky Way.
Njengoba sekushiwo, ukuhlukaniswa kuhlinzekela ukuba khona kwezimbobo ezimnyama ze-Quantum ezinobukhulu bemicroscopic futhi kungathi sekuyisizukulwane sokuphendula kwenukliya okwenziwe ngemishini yezobuchwepheshe.
Kepha ngenkathi izimbobo ze-quantum ziyinto efanekisela yona kuphela, ezingatholakala ngokuzayo.
Ngaphezu kosayizi, ososayensi babandakanyeka ocwaningweni kanye nezinye izici zezimbobo ezimnyama, ngokwesibonelo, njengokuhlanganisa. Emcabangweni wokushayisana kwemfundo enjalo yesikhala, omunye nomunye kungenzeka. Futhi uma benzeka, bese behola ukushesha kancane kancane kanye nokwakhiwa kwendawo enkulu ngisho nezimpawu ezingejwayelekile.
Kwenzekani uma ungena ngaphakathi emgodini omnyama
Phakathi komcabango oshelelayo wemisebenzi ephathelene nokwakheka kwezimbobo emnyama, okuthakazelisa kakhulu ngumbuzo wokuthi kuzokwenzekani uma umuntu ewela kule ndawo eyeqisayo. Futhi yini ezobona lapho. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi uhlole ekusebenzeni lokhu, ngakho-ke kusanele ukwaneliswa yizimo eziqondayo.Umgodi omnyama yindawo lapho imithetho evamile ye-physics iyeka ukusebenza, futhi iqiniso ngokwalo lihlukaniswe laba ngababili. Ngaphakathi emgodini omnyama, isikhala nesikhathi sesiqala ukugoba kuze kube ukunyamalala ngokuphelele kwalezi zigaba. Ngakho-ke, lapha inani lezinto eziyindida ezivela ngaphezu kokuqonda.
Ngokusekelwe emibonweni yama-physicists, i-cosmonaut, ezosondela emkhathizwe wemicimbi, ngasikhathi sinye izofa futhi idlule kuyo. Yini Okulandelayo - Cabanga Kunzima. Ngokweqiniso, uma ungena emgodini omnyama, kuzokwazi ukubona ikusasa, ngoba kukhona isikhala nesikhathi lapho kunezindawo.
Kunemibono yokuthi kuzoba nengosi, ephethe into kwenye ukuphela kwendawo yonke. Indawo lapho imithetho yomhlaba yokusebenza kwezinto ezibonakalayo ikhanseliwe, ebizwa nge-singrisity. Ekugcineni kuhlanganisa konke okuwela emgodini, ukuthola isayensi engaziwa yohlobo lokuba khona.
Amaplanethi eduze kwezimbobo ezimnyama
Namuhla, izimbobo ezimnyama zivame ukulungiswa ngesihloko esinjenge- "nto embi emhlabathini". Kunezihloko ezifanayo hhayi kusuka ekuqaleni, uma ubheka lokhu okulandelayo: Ososayensi bathambekele eqinisweni lokuthi emaplanethi akhiwe eduze "kwababhubhisi bomhlaba", akunakwenzeka ukuthola impilo. Lesi sakamuva sibangelwa iqiniso lokuthi ngisho nakubantu abancane kakhulu be- "desheresets" abancane kakhulu "abakhiqizayo, basongela ubuqotho banoma yimuphi umzimba wezulu, osondela emthonjeni wemicimbi.
Emvelaphi nasentuthukweni yempilo emhlabeni kuthinta ngqo ubuthana bohlelo lohlelo, lapho kubhekiswa ngalo. Futhi lapho umgodi omnyama ubonakala eduze kweplanethi, ukumuncwa kwendaba ezungezile kuzoqala, kukhipha amandla anjalo amandla, okuzocekela phansi noma yiziphi izinhlobo zemvelo. Izimo ezinjalo ziqine kakhulu ekuguqukeni kodaba oluphilayo.
-Chazasi
Ekuqaleni kwengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-XX, ososayensi baqala ukukhuluma ngobukhona beminyaka. Eqinisweni, le yi-nuclei esebenzayo yemithala emisha, lapho kutholakala khona izimbobo ezimnyama. Ngokususa okukhulu, izinto ezinjalo zibonakala ngemisebe enamandla kunazo zonke.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kukhona osayizi abahlaba umxhwele bomgodi omnyama emthonjeni wezemidlavula womthala wokuthi ukumuncwa kwento kwakha i-disk ye-accretion engabonakala ebanga elihle kakhulu.
Namuhla, ama-quasar atholakala izimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lezi zinto zokuzijabulisa azidluli osoleni.
UStephen Hawking mayelana nento
Usosayensi odumile uStephen Hawking ubuye waveza ukwakheka kwezimbobo ezimnyama. Ngokusho kokucatshangelwa kwe-physics edumile, ngalezi zinto ziqhuba indlela enye indawo yonke. Ngakho-ke, akufanele besabe, ngoba izimbobo azikucekisi le ndaba ebunjiwe, kepha zibekezelela kuphela isikhala sangaphandle.I-Hawking ithembela eqinisweni lokuthi imininingwane ayinakubhujiswa, uma kungenjalo ngeke kube khona into efana nokuthi "esedlule" ibizoba khona. Okungukuthi, kusuka emgodini omnyama kukhona indlela yokuphuma, noma kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukubuyela endaweni yokuqala, ngoba izehlakalo ezehla ngemuva ngeke zisakwazi ukunqoba.
Eduzane noMhlaba
Kusukela ukuzithethelela kokuba khona kwezinto okucatshangelwe kulesi sihloko, ososayensi bafuna ukuthola labo abasondelene nabo bonke abanye. Futhi ngonyaka we-2019, imizamo yayimpumelelo. Izazi zezinkanyezi zimemezele ukuvulwa komgodi omnyama ohlelweni lokukhululeka, ukushwabanisa isiqhwaga esibomvu kanye nendaba yokondla yale nkanyezi enkulu. Futhi kamuva babika ukuthi kutholakale okufana nalokho, ngisho nokusondela kakhulu emhlabathini wethu, ekumemezelweni kwe-unicorn.
I-Unicorn, njengento ebizwa ngokuthi, hhayi kuphela okusondele kakhulu (okutholakala kude ne-1500 elula iminyaka), kodwa futhi kuncane kakhulu isayensi edumile. Kepha umgodi omkhulu kunabo bonke okuvela kwasolwa ososayensi watholakala ekuqongeleleni kwe-galactic of Abell 85 futhi ubizwa ngeHolm 15a. Lokhu kutholwa izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi kudlula inqwaba yokubhida, "yokuhlala" enkabeni yomthala wethu, - Isagitarius a *.
IHarvard Astrophysics isivele ifuna izimbobo ngaphakathi kohlelo lwelanga. Ososayensi baphakamisa ukuthi ukuba khona kwento enjalo eduze komhlaba kuvunyelwe futhi kuzokwazi ukubona ku-disk ekhanyayo ngenxa yokutholwa kwendaba.
Okumnyama nokumhlophe
Into ecindezelekile ngokulinganayo yokutadisha ihlala ingakatholi izimbobo ezimhlophe ezishiwo ngu-Einstein. Ngokweqiniso, ososayensi babheka, baphoqelekile ukuba babe khona "izimbobo ezimnyama ngokuhlukile."
Okungukuthi, umnyombo wezimbobo ezimhlophe kanjena: lokhu kwagcina akumuzwanga, kepha kukhiphe lolu daba. Ngamanye amagama, lokhu kungumgodi omnyama wabuyela emuva ngesikhathi. Kusukela kumafomula ngokomzimba, ukuqondiswa kwesikhathi akudlali noma iyiphi indima, ukuba khona kwezimbobo ezimhlophe akunakwenzeka. Kodwa-ke, namuhla akuqinisekiswanga kuphela kwimodeli yokusebenza.