Umqondo wendawo ekhulayo awuzange uthole isikhundla esiqinile ezweni lesayensi. Kwavela ngenxa yokuhlaziywa kokubukeka kokuphuma kwezinto zesikhala. Iqiniso elimele ukufuduka okubomvu okuqinisekiswe yi-theory eyamukelwa ngokujwayelekile yemithala, futhi kulo mkhuba ovuliwe, ku-material 24cm.
Yini ukuguqulwa okubomvu
Izibhedlela ezesabekayo zengqondo emhlabeni
Lapho imisebe yemisebe ye-electromagnetic yento yesikhala iyanda, khona-ke imigqa yokubuka iguqulwa endaweni ebomvu ye-spectrum. Le nto eqoshwe ezimweni lapho into isuswe khona engqaphelisayo nomqapheli, itholakale ngebhayibheli lezinkanyezi igama elithi "ukufuduka okubomvu". Ngokuya ngesizathu, ososayensi babela izinhlobo ezintathu zokugcina: Doppler, Grastitational and Cosmological.
Umnyombo wezomlando yilokho, ukuthola imisebe yemithombo yendawo ekude (izinkanyezi nemithala), ukuba khona kwe- "Redness" ye-spectrum isimilo. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi izinto ezishiwo zisuswe komunye nomunye futhi zivela eMilky Way, okuletha emcabangweni wokunweba umkhathi.
Okuchaza ukushintshwa okubomvu ku-spectra yemithala
Ukushintshwa okubomvu kwi-spectra yemithala kuchazwa ngumphumela we-doppler, okuthethelele ngokwesayensi umbono wendawo ekhula. Ukuqhuma okukhulu kwethulwa ukunyakaza kwesikhala, ngenxa yokuthi umthombo wokukhanya oqhubekayo "ubalekela" kusukela ebubweni. Lesi simo sikuvumela ukubala, ukubuka kude lapho kufundwa khona lapho kufundwa khona nokuthi imisebe yamuva ifike emhlabeni isikhathi esingakanani emhlabeni.
Umongo womphumela ochaziwe wenziwa njenge: imigqa eduze kohlangothi olubomvu lwe-spectrogram, ijubane ijubane lapho ibanga likhula khona phakathi kombukeli kanye nomthombo wemisebe.
Ukuvulwa kwento
U-Bill Bias wavula i-American Vesto Sluff ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20: Ukuhlaziywa kwezindlela ezibukhali kwemithala kukhombisa ukuba khona kwama-waventh akhishwe yimisebe ye-radiation esifundeni esibomvu. Ukuyihumusha ngombono wanoma yimuphi umbono we-cosmological esigabeni sokuthuthuka kwama-astrofesics kwabonakala kungenakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, usosayensi wasebenzisa umbono wento etholakele emthethweni we-dopplerovsky, ngakho-ke imithala esuswe ngokushesha ohlelweni lwelanga.Isinyathelo esilandelayo senziwa ngu-Edwin Hubble, sathola ukuxhumana phakathi kwebanga kuya kumthala kanye nezinga lokushiswa kwemigqa ye-spectral ebusweni obubomvu. Ukufudumalo okukhudlwana kungukubukeka okunzima kwezinto ezihlukile zezinkanyezi, ezamukelwe ekuqaleni. Ukusuka lapha kulandele isiphetho: Njengoba ijubane likhula futhi lishesha. Ngokusekelwe emphumeleni we-doppler, uHubble waphetha ngokuthi yonke imithala ebonakalayo "isabalalisa" ngejubane, kuncike emlandweni ibanga eliphakathi kwabo.
Ngakho-ke kwaqhamuka isazi sezinkanyezi ekutholakalweni komthetho wakhe, esivezwa yifomula v = hr, lapho i-v isilinganiso sokususwa komthala, i-H lungu-coeffecticicial coeffeccing. Imithala etholwe ngemuva kokutholile nayo ingaphansi kwalo mthetho, ngakho-ke, iziphetho ezenziwe nge-Adronomer yaseMelika zithole isikali esihlukile - ukushintshwa okubomvu ekubukeni kwemithala kukhombisa ukwanda kwethala.
Unganquma kanjani ibanga emithaleni
Ngenxa yomthetho weHubble, abacwaningi banamuhla beCosmos bathola ithuluzi eligqugquzela ukuthi kungenzeka kangakanani ukunquma ngokunembile indawo yemithala namaqoqo awo.
Ngokusho komthetho weHubble, izinga lokususwa kwento efundwayo libophekile ukuba lilingane nebanga lawo, liphindaphindwe ngu-n, igama elithi, igama elithi uhlonishwe ososayensi linikezwe lokhu kuncika. Namuhla, i-Hubble engapheli yamukelwa lilingana ne-H = 70 km / (kusuka • IPC), lapho i-MPK - izingxenye ze-mega. Ibanga ngokuxoshwa okubomvu lizimisele ukusebenzisa lo mthetho: Thola i-shift esifundeni esibomvu bese uhlukanisa ku-coeffecled eshiwo.
Ukufaka umthetho weHubble, izazi zezinkanyezi zilinganisela usayizi wendawo yonke. Zikala amanani okushintsha kwemigqa yokubuka izinto ezikude kakhulu zezinto ezikude kakhulu futhi usebenzise i-hubble engapheli ukuthola amabanga imithala. Ngakho-ke, ukuthunyelwa okubomvu kusiza ukusetha ijubane lento yesikhala, ngakho-ke uhla lwalo.
Ukufuduka okubomvu kuyindlela ehlonishwayo ebonakalayo yokuqhathanisa amabanga emivunjini ekude kakhulu yemisebe. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka ka-2011, izazi zezinkanyezi zibhalise incane kunabo bonke ubuntu obubonwayo - i-gamma burst, isuka ekuqhumeni kwenkanyezi yathola igama le-GRB 090429b. Abaphenyi bakwazile ukuthandana nalo mcimbi: Ngokwezibalo zabo, inkanyezi "yahamba" eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-13.14 billion edlule, cishe ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqhuma okukhulu.
Kuze kube manje, isikhathi eside kunazo zonke imithala ebonakalayo yamukelwa njenge-GN-z11. Ngo-2016, ngenxa yesibonakude sesikhala, esiqanjwe nge-hubble, izazi zezinkanyezi zithole ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuvela, le nto ibhekisela emakhasini okuqala emlandweni wendawo yonke - iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamakhulu ambalwa ngemuva kokuqhuma okuningana kwenziwe yi-Indo. Ukuhlaziywa kwenkomba ethi "Redness" e-GN-Z11 Spectrogram evunyelwe ama-Astrophysics ukunquma izinga lokuvezwa kokwanda kwento efundwayo. Inani lidlula kwezinye izimo, ukushintshwa okubomvu komthala kwavela ukuba ngu-11.1.
Imisebe ye-Relic
Ukufudumala okubomvu okukhulu kulungiswa kwinqubo yokuhlaziya imisebe ye-Relic. Lesi sakamuva sibonakala sinye iqiniso elibonisa ukwanda kwendawo yonke. Kuvulwe ngo-1965. Lokhu kungukukhishwa kwesizinda okubuthakathaka kwangemuva okuza kithi ngokulinganayo kusuka kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu le-isotourism. Azikho izinto zesikhala ezitholakele zingakhipha lesi sikhathi.Ukuphela kokuchazwa kwalesi simo imisebe yendawo yonke esikhathini sokuqala. Ngokusho kwezibalo, zivela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 ngemuva kokuqhuma okukhulu, lapho isikhala sangaphandle sesiqala ukuvela. Ukuncipha kwemisebe, isici se-cosmological z, esisetshenziselwa ubungako obunobuningi bokuthola umphumela obomvu wokuthukiswa, kusondela ku-1400.
Okunye
Izazi zezinkanyezi zanamuhla zichaza ngokuqondile i-Red Shift ngokusebenzisa umphumela we-doppler oholela emcabangweni wokunweba umkhathi. Kepha enye indlela ehlukile iyatholakala futhi, yenzelwe ukuphikiswa umbono owamukelwa ngokuvamile.
Abanye ososayensi bazwakalise umbono wokuthi isizathu sokubandlululwa okubomvu asikho nhlobo esheshayo yejubane lemithala emigaqweni komunye nomunye, kodwa "ekugugeni kokukhanya". Ngokusho kwalokhu kucatshangwa, ukukhanya kuguqula ukukhanya ngenxa yalokho okunqoba isikhala se-intergalactic esigcwele igesi e-sparse. Imisebe ilahlekelwa amagagasi amafushane, yingakho i-redness ibonwa ekukhanyeni kwe-nebulae. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle kokushintshwa kwemigqa ku-spectrum.
I-hypothesis isuselwa emcabangweni wokuthi ngesikhathi sokuzulazula kwe-Space Expendes Ukukhanya kuncishiswa ngokwengxenye yamandla. Ngakho-ke, amagagasi anwetshwayo, ekhombisa ukufuduka okubomvu, ngaphandle kwendlela ekhombisa imithala okufanele isebenze. Ukuvunywa akunazo izisekelo zobufakazi, ngoba ukulahleka kwamandla ukulahleka - into engaqinisekiswa yisayensi.
Ukushintshwa okubomvu nokuQala
Ukunwetshwa kwendawo yonke kukhombisa nokuhlaziywa kwama-spectrograms ama-quasars - imithombo ekude kakhulu yokuphuma komsakazo. Ucwaningo luvunyelwe ukusungula: Imigqa yokubuka kwalezi zinto ezihudulayo iguqulwe kakhulu kumagagasi amade. Akekho umthala okhonjiswe ngaphambi kokufuduka okubomvu okunjalo endaweni yawo.Kusukela endaweni yokubukwa komthetho weHubble, ubukhulu bokushintshwa bubheke "ukubomvu" kukhombisa ukuthi isisindo, ijubane nebanga kuma-quasar makhulu. Le yimithombo yemisebe enamandla esuswe kakhulu emhlabathini. Ijubane lama-quasar ezigidini zeminyaka yokukhanya kusuka ohlelweni lwelanga, lifinyelela amashumi ezinkulungwane ze-KM / sec.
I-Quasars iyisibonelo seqiniso lokuthi umzimba wenkanyezi osekude kakhulu onobuhlakani obukhona kanye nesivinini. Lokhu kuqiniseka kulokhu okulandelayo: Ukubandlululwa okubomvu kusho ukuntuleka kwezinto ezisezingeni eliphansi, njengoba ososayensi babiza ingxenye yendawo yonke ebonakalayo etholakala esifundweni, hhayi "ukuguga".
Ukuthungwa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Kukhona umphumela obomvu obomvu wokuthukiswa - ukukhishwa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Leli gama lanikezwa into lapho imisebe yemisebe ye-electromagnetic ebonakalayo ebonakalayo yemithala ekude ibonakala ngokushintshwa kokuphela kwe-shortwave. Le nto ichazwa nokunyakaza komthombo wemisebe, kuleli cala kuphela kungabikho futhi, futhi kusondele. Kunamamodeli wendawo yonke, lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwayo kokuvela kokuvela esiteji okuhlukile kuthatha ukuthi igagasi lamahhala le-electromagnetic libhekene nokufuduka okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ukuhlola izinto ezisuswayo, izazi zezinkanyezi zezinkanyezi ezibhekene nazo kuphela ngokufuduka okubomvu, kodwa ezinye izigameko kanye nokuzalwa komsakazo kwathunyelwa amabanga amade. Le jet yento ithola isivinini esisondela ekukhanyeni. Futhi-ke, ngokuya ngomphumela weDoppler, obonayo ubona "ukwakheka" kwe-spectrum. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwagcina akuvezi indlela, ngoba ngenxa yokwanda, ngaso sonke isivinini sayo, Jeta "Fly Away" ngaphesheya.
Isibonelo sento enjalo, ososayensi batholakala eKvazar GB1508 + 5714, esuswe emthaleni wethu ngejubane elikhulu kunale ndima ka-1.13, futhi inokufuduka okubomvu kuka-4.3. I-Jet yale nto iqondiswe ekubhekeni emhlabathini, kepha ijubane lezinhlayiya zalo alifinyeleli ukukhanya, ngakho-ke ibanga phakathi kombukeli kanye ne-quasar kukhula ngokungenakuphikwa, futhi hhayi ukwehla.