The idea of an expanding universe did not immediately gain solid position in the scientific world. It arose due to the spectral analysis of emission of space objects. The fact that represents a red displacement that has been confirmed by the generally accepted theory of galaxies, and by whom this phenomenon was open, in the material 24cm.
What is a red shift
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When the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation of a space object increases, then the spectral lines are shifted to the red end of the spectrum. This phenomenon recorded in cases where the object is removed from the observer with the observer, it obtained in astronomy the name "Red Displacement". Depending on the cause, scientists allocate three types of last: Doppler, gravitational and cosmological.
The essence of the latter is that, for radiation of distant space sources (stars and galaxies), the presence of "redness" of the spectrum is characteristic. This suggests that the mentioned objects are removed from each other and from the Milky Way, which brings to the idea of expanding the universe.
What explains the red shift in the spectra of galaxies
The red shift in the spectra of galaxies is explained by the Doppler effect, which scientifically justifies the idea of an expanding universe. The big explosion launched the movement of space, because of which the light source further "runs away" from the observer. This phenomenon allows you to calculate, at what distance the watching is from the object being studied and how long the radiation of the latter got to the Earth.
The essence of the described effect is formulated as: the lines closer to the red side of the spectrogram, the higher the speed with which the distance is growing between the observer and the radiation source.
Opening of the phenomenon
The red bias opened American Vesto Sluff at the beginning of the 20th century: spectral analysis of a number of galaxies showed the presence of wavelength shifts emitted by them radiation into the Red region. To interpret it from the point of view of any cosmological theory at the stage of the development of astrophysics seemed impossible. Therefore, the scientist took advantage of the idea of the discovered phenomenon on the Dopplerovsky effect, according to which the galaxies were rapidly removed from the solar system.The next step was made by Edwin Hubble, found a connection between the distance to the galaxy and the degree of shift of the spectral lines in the red face. A larger displacement is characteristic of difficult to distinct, distant astronomical objects, originally accepted. From here followed the conclusion: as the speed is growing and speed. Based on the Doppler effect, Hubble concluded that all visible galaxies "scatter" with speeds, linearly dependent on the distance between them.
So an astronomer came to the discovery of his law, expressed by the formula V = HR, where V is the rate of removal of the galaxy, R is the distance to it, H is the proportionality coefficient. The galaxies discovered after the findings are also subject to this law, and therefore, the conclusions made by American astronomer acquired a different scale - the red shift in the spectra of galaxies indicates the expansion of the Universe.
How to determine the distance to galaxies
Thanks to the law of Hubble, modern cosmos researchers received a tool that promotes how much it is possible to accurately determine the location of galaxies and their clusters.
According to the Hubble law, the rate of removal of the object under study is obliged to be equal to the distance to it, multiplied by N, named in honor of the scientist given this dependence. Today, permanent Hubble is accepted equal to H = 70 km / (from • IPC), where MPK - Mega Parts. The distance over the red displacement is determined using this law: find the shift in the red region and divide on the mentioned fixed coefficient.
Applying the Hubble Law, astronomers estimate the size of the universe. They measure the values of shifts of spectral emission lines of the most remote objects and use a constant hubble to determine the distances to galaxies. Thus, the red displacement helps to set the speed of the space object, and therefore its range.
The red displacement is a generally recognized method of comparing distances to the most remote radiation sources. So, in 2011, astronomers registered the object further than all observed humanity - a gamma burst, emanating from the star explosion and received the name GRB 090429B. Researchers managed to date this event: according to their calculations, the star "walked" 13.14 billion years ago, almost immediately after a large explosion.
To date, the longest of the observed galaxies is recognized as GN-Z11. In 2016, thanks to the Space Telescope, named after Hubble, astronomers found that in the time of occurrence, this object refers to the first pages of the history of the Universe - several hundred million years after the explosion created by the existence. Analysis of the "Redness" indicator in the GN-Z11 spectrogram allowed astrophysics to determine the degree of exposure to the expansion of the Universe on the object being studied. The value exceeded the measured in other cases: the red shift of the galaxy turned out to be 11.1.
Relic radiation
The greatest red displacement is fixed in the process of analyzing relic radiation. The latter seems another fact indicating the expansion of the Universe. It was opened in 1965. This is a weak background radio emission coming to us evenly from all sides with a very high degree of isotourism. No space objects found could emit this time.The only explanation of this phenomenon is the radiation of the Universe in the early era. According to calculations, it originates about 300 thousand years after a large explosion, when the outer space is only beginning to evolve. For relict radiation, the cosmological factor Z, used for the quantitative characteristic of the red displacement effect, is approaching 1400.
Other theory
Modern astronomers unanimously explain the red shift using the Doppler effect leading to the idea of expanding the universe. But an alternative hypothesis is also found, designed to disprove the generally accepted theory.
Some scientists expressed the idea that the reason for the red bias is not at all in the ultra-speed run of galaxies from each other, but in the "aging of light". According to this assumption, light turns the light as a result of what overcomes the intergalactic space filled with sparse gas. Radiation loses short waves, which is why redness is observed in the light of the nebulae. Moreover, without shift of lines in the spectrum.
The hypothesis is based on the assumption that during the wandering of space expanses the light is partially deprived of energy. Therefore, the waves are lengthened, demonstrating the red displacement, in no way indicating the galaxies to run. The approval does not have an evidence base, since the loss of energy is loss - a phenomenon not confirmed by science.
Red shift and quasary
The extension of the universe also indicates the analysis of the spectrograms of quasars - extremely remote sources of radio emission. Studies allowed to establish: the spectral lines of these emitting objects are largely shifted towards long waves. No galaxy showed before such a red displacement in its own spectrum.From the point of view of the Hubble law, the magnitude of the shift towards "redness" indicates that the mass, speed and distance to the quasars are huge. These are sources of powerful radiation that are significantly removed from the ground. The speed of quasars in billions of light years from the solar system, reaches tens of thousands of km / sec.
Quasars are an example of the fact that the most distant astronomical body has the corresponding spectral shift and speed. This convincesses it in the following: the red bias means the lack of stationarity at the metagalaxy, as scientists call the part of the observed universe available for study, and not the "aging of light".
Blue displacement
There is an opposite red displacement effect - a blue offset. This name was given to a phenomenon in which the lines of visible electromagnetic radiation in the spectra of distant galaxies are characterized by a shift to a shortwave end. This phenomenon is also explained by the movement of the radiation source, only in this case it becomes no further, and closer. There are models of the Universe, where its evolutionary development in a separate stage assumes that the free electromagnetic wave is experiencing a cosmological blue displacement.
Exploring the removable objects, theoretically astronomers face only with red displacement, but some quasars and radio births form Jeta-rays sent to our side, overcoming long distances. This jet of substance is gaining the speed approaching the light. And then, in accordance with the Doppler Effect, the observer detects "the formation" of the spectrum. However, the latter does not indicate the approach, since because of the expansion, with all its speed, Jeta "fly away" in the opposite direction.
An example of such a phenomenon, scientists were found in the KVAZAR GB1508 + 5714, which is removed from our galaxy at a speed greater than the light 1.13 times, and has a red displacement of 4.3. Jet of this object is directed to looking from the ground, but the speed of its particles does not reach the light, so the distance between the observer and the quasar is inevitably increasing, and not declining.