I-Biograge
U-Ernest Rutherford ungumcwaningi osukhele izisekelo kanye nokuvalwa okuyisisekelo kwe-physics yenuzi. Ucwaningo lososayensi lwalugxile esakhiweni sokwakheka kwe-athomu kanye nezimpawu zezinto ezinemisebe. Usebenze ekwakhiweni komqondo mayelana necala le-nuclei ye-athomu nama-elektroni azungezile. Iziphetho zasiza ukudala imodeli yefomethi yefomethi yefomethi, eyaqala ukuvulwa okukhulu kwekhulu lama-20. Udokotela we-physist wafunda nama-nuances wemisebe enemisebe.Ngo-1908, uRonalddord waba yiLaureate yoMklomelo kaNobel ukuze asebenze ngokuguqulwa kwezinto nocwaningo lwezinto ezinemisebe. Kusukela ngo-1925 kuya ku-1930 wakhonza isikhundla sikaMongameli waseLondon Royal Society.
Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Ernest wazalwa eNew Zealand, entwasahlobo grup, eduze kwedolobha laseNelson ngo-Agasti 30, 1871 futhi wayengumBrithani ngobuzwe. Ubaba, Scotsman ngemvelaphi, etholwe ngesikebhe sesondo, futhi umama wakhe wafundisa esikoleni sasemakhaya. Le ngane yakhula emndenini omkhulu nabafowethu abangu-6 nodadewethu abangu-5.
Indawo yokuqala yokuya kuye kwakuyibhizinisi elisebenza ngokhuni, elisekelwe kuYise. Usosayensi wesikhathi esizayo etholwe ebuntwaneni nasemakhono asetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo ukudala imishini edingekayo ekuhlolweni ngokomzimba.
U-Ernest wafunda eHabubo, kwathi ngo-1887 wathola umfundaze, owayevunyelwe ukuqhubeka nemfundo yawo eNelson. Le nsizwa yabonisa ukunxanela okukhulu ngolwazi nentshisekelo kukho konke okumzungezile. Ungene ekolishi laseCanterbury futhi waqala ukudonsa amakhemikhali kanye ne-physics. Othisha basheshe bakwazisa amandla omfundi. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, uRostford wanikezwa umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu kumathematics kanye ne-physics. Ngo-1892, u-Ernest waba yinkosi yobuciko futhi wacwaninga, wawaqinisa ngocwaningo.
Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ubizwa ngokuthi "uMagnetization we-iron e-High-frequency disckarges." Izivivinyo zazihlotshaniswa nocwaningo lwamagagasi omsakazo wemvamisa ephezulu. Usosayensi wakha umsakazo, ngaphambi koMdali wakhe osemthethweni we-Marconi. Idivayisi ye-Reservoir yaphenduka umtjhisha wokuqala kazibuthe emhlabeni.
Ngosizo lwakhe, ubuqiniso obuthola amasiginali abasebenza nabo abaqhutshwa ngalo ngenkathi belitha lwelitha. Uchaze imininingwane etholakele esihlokweni sezesayensi ephephandabeni "News of the Filosophical Institute of New Zealand" ngo-1894.
Ngo-1895, uRutherford wathola umklomelo ophakeme kakhulu: Grant yoqeqesho e-UK. Ithuba elinjalo lehle ezifundweni ezingejwayelekile. U-Ernest waphenduka phakathi kwabangu-2 abanenhlanhla, phakathi kwawo okukhethwa kukho, futhi wayenenhlanhla: umphikisi akakwazanga ukuya ohambweni. Isazi semvelo sasebenzisa lelo thuba futhi saba yisisebenzi se-Cavendshevskaya Laboratory eNgilandi.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
I-Biography yaseRonald yayiyindlela enhle. Ukuba i-physics engaphansi kukaJohn Thomson, owayephethe igunya emphakathini wesayensi, wathola umvikeli. UThomson wamjoyina ukutadisha i-ionization yamagesi ngaphansi kwethonya le-X-ray.
Kakade ngo-1898, uRatherford wathwalwa ngentuthuko yawo, efunda "imisebe ye-becquil". Okubizwa ngokuthi imisebe ye-uranium radioactive. U-Ernest wabona ukuthi igcwalisa izinhlayiya ezinhle ze-alpha kanye ne-beta izinhlayiya ze-beta. Ucwaningo olufanayo lwaholela ePierre noMaria Curie.
Abalingani babhala umsebenzi, owethule ngo-1898 yiParis Academy of Science. Wadonsela ukunaka kukaRostford umbono wokuba khona kwezinto ezimbalwa ezinemisebe. Ernest eyenziwe iziphetho mayelana nenxenye-yempilo, ecacisa izici zezinto, futhi yaba yiprosesa eliyinhloko lempilo-impilo.
Ngo-1898, sesifunde ukuthi isikhundla sikaSolwazi Macuille University sasingenamuntu eMontreal yaseCanada, uRonadford wathuthela endaweni entsha. Ngakho-ke ekugcineni wasuka ekuqothulweni kukaThomson. Ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho okuvela eceleni, u-Ernest wakhombisa amakhono abuthakathaka emisebenzini yokufundisa. Kepha usosayensi onobuntu useqale abantu obajwayele abasha, futhi phakathi kwabangane bakhe, abantu abanomqondo ofanayo babekulungele ukubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni lwesayensi.
Ukubambisana noFrederick Soddy kuvunyelwe ngo-1902-1903 ukwakha umthetho ekuguqulweni kwemisakazo. Ithi izikhathi zokubola aziholeli ukuguqulwa kwezinto futhi akunakwehla noma kumiswe. Abalingani baye bakhula kanye nemithetho yezinguquko. Kamuva, le datha iyengezelwa i-Dmitry MendeleV ngosizo lohlelo lwezikhathi. Kwavela ukuthi izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zento zincike ekukhokhisweni kwe-kernel ye-athomu yayo.
U-Ernest Rutherford ukhiphe izinkundla ezi-2: "umsakazo", okhishwe ngo-1904, kanye "nokuguqulwa okunemisebe" kwabangu-1905. I-physist inqume ukuthi ama-athomu angumthombo wemisebe enemisebe, futhi aqhubeke nokutadisha i-kernel device. Ubeka izivivinyo ekuhumusheni izinhlayiya ze-alpha ye-foil foil alpha, ezibuza ukugeleza kwezinhlayiya nokuziphatha kwazo.
Usosayensi waqala ukuthumela phambili umcabango wesakhiwo se-athomu. URutherford waphakamisa ukuthi i-athomu lifana nehla ngecala elinecala elinecala, futhi ngaphakathi kubhekiswe ama-elektroni. Usosayensi waphikisa lokho, ehamba ngaphansi kwethonya lamandla e-coulomb, ama-elektroni azama ukungena enkabeni ye-athomu, futhi lapho ushiya ibhalansi, ukuguquguquka nemisebe Dala ama-oscillations.
I-Forniffords Proptentiations yachaza ubukhona be-radiation spectra, umhlaba osevele wawazi. Ukuhlolwa kwasivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuthi ama-athomu aqinile anjengesikhulu njenge-backlash phakathi kwabo. Umcwaningi wayekholelwa ukuthi i-kernel itholakala enkabeni futhi ithwala lonke isisindo sezinhlayiyana, futhi ama-elektroni asendleleni eqhubekayo ezungezile. Ngakho-ke wasungula imodeli yeplanethi ye-athomu.
U-Ernest Rutherford wayeqiniseka, kepha izingxabano zavuka ngobunye bokwahlulela. Imodeli yakhe ayizange isuswe ngemithetho ye-Electrodynamics, ihoxisiwe nguJames Maxwell noMichael Faraday. Bakhombisa ukuthi ukushaja okusheshayo okusheshayo kulahlekelwa amandla ngenxa yemisebe ye-electromagnetic, ngakho-ke uRatherford waqhubeka nokuhlolwa.
Ngo-1907, usosayensi wathuthela eManchester. Lapha wayesevele wabonga ngempumelelo. URutherford unesihluku ezikhungweni zesayensi zomhlaba jikelele, kodwa wakhetha i-University of Victoria, lapho aqala khona umsebenzi. Ngo-1908, ngokubambisana neHans Heiger, wasungula izinhlayiya zezinhlayiya ze-alpha.
Kusukela ngomhla ka-19126, uRonald wawusebenza ndawonye noNiels Borov, owaqhamuka nombono we-Quana, efakazela ubukhona bemigwaqo emathonjeni. Ngokuhambisana nezimpikiswano zososayensi, ama-elektroni azulazula ezungeze i-kernel e-orbit. Imodeli yokubhalwa phansi kweRatherford neBora yayiyimpumelelo yesayensi futhi yaphoqeleka ukuthi ibuke imibono esunguliwe mayelana nendaba nokunyakaza kwayo. Ngo-1919, uRutherford waba nguprofesa e-University of University of Cambridge futhi wahola ilabhorethri yaseCavendshevskaya. Irekhodi lakhe lagcwala kabusha, inani labafundi landa, kanye nohlu lwemiklomelo odokotela abahloniphe khona.
Ngo-1914, uRonalddord waba yisikhulu, kwathi ngo-1931 wamukela isihloko seBaron futhi waba yiNkosi. Ngalesi sikhathi, wasebenza ezivivinyweni zokuqhekeka kwe-nucleus ye-athomu nokuguqulwa kwezinto zamakhemikhali. Ngo-1920, i-physist yaba ngowokuqala owakhuluma ngokuba khona kukaDelton neNeutron, kwathi ngo-1933 kwaqala ukubamba iqhaza ezivivinyweni zokuxhumana ngobuningi bamandla.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
U-Ernest Rutherford wayejabule empilweni yomuntu siqu, eshada noMariya Georgina Newton, ehosheni lendlu yokugibela eChristchurch, lapho kwakuhlala khona i-physal. Ubudlelwano babalingani bamelana novivinyo lwesikhathi: Iminyaka emi-5 sebedlulile phakathi kokuzibandakanya nangomshado. UMariya washada no-Ernest ngo-1895, lapho esedumile emphakathini wesayensi. Ngo-1901, okuwukuphela kwendodakazi ka-Eileylin Mary yavela ngokukhanya.Ukushona
Indodana ka-Wheel Master, u-Ernest Rutherford wanikela ngokubalulekile kwisayensi. Esethole ukuphakama, waba ngumuntu obonayo wesikhathi sakhe. Ngakho-ke, lapho kwavela ukuthi isazi sesayensi yemvelo sihlushwa yi-hernia ye-umbilical, kwanqunywa ukumphatha ngamalungelo. Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ukusebenza okudingekayo bekukulungele ukufundisa udokotela ohlinzayo kuphela, njengoba kufunwa yisivumelwano maqondana nomnikazi we-oda laseBrithani "ngokufanele.
Ukukhetha kukadokotela kwakungelula, futhi ngesikhathi sokusebenza, inhlala-kahle kaRutherford yayibalulekile. Imbangela yokufa kwakhe yasebenza ngocingo oluvela kodokotela. U-Ernest Rutherford washona ngo-Okthoba 19, 1937, eshiya umhlaba wathola ifa lezesayensi lezesayensi.
Abaphenyi bangcwaba eWestminster Abbey. Izithombe zakhe namuhla zihlobisa ikhasi lezincwadi zokufunda kanye nezindonga zamanyuzi ezobuchwepheshe neminyuziyamu yomhlaba.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1904 - "Umsakazo"
- Ngo-1905 - "Ukuguqulwa Kwemisebenze"
- Ngo-1920 - "Ukuqhuma kwamabhomu ama-athomu kanye nokubola kwe-nitrogen"
- 1923 - "Amagobolondo e-atomic nezakhiwo zawo"
- Ngo-1923 - "Ukwakha i-athomu nokubola kwezinto ezifashini"
- Ngo-1924 - "Ukulandela i-Athomu"
- 1924 - "Ama-athomu. Ama-elektroni. Ether "
- 1928 - "I-Atomic Nuclei kanye Nezinguquko Zabo"