I-Meteorite - Kuyini, iTungusky, Chelyabinsk, ewile emhlabeni, 2021, isithombe, i-asteroid

Phakathi kwama-MyrID yezinkanyezi indawo yangaphandle eqedwa ngayo, kukhona izinto zesikhala ezingemuva kokunyakaza okuqhubekayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: Meteorite, Car, Meteor, Comet ne-Asteroid. Abanye babo banqoba umkhathi womhlaba, bawela olwandle noma ezweni, abanye bashiswa noma baqhuma ukuxhumana nomuntu weplanethi. Lezi zinhlaka zangaphandle ze-extraterrestrial futhi izici zazo zingama-24cm.

Yini i-meteorite futhi yini ehlukile kuMeteor?

Ijele elithi "Polar Owl": Imibandela Yokuboshwa Futhi Otholwe Icala

I-Meteorite ibizwa ngokuthi yinto yesikhala, eyafika emhlabeni, ingashiswanga futhi ngaphandle kokuba yephule emkhathini yayo. Ijubane lomzimba wangemva kokuqokwa okucatshangelwa kusuka kusuka ku-11 kuye ku-70 km / s.

Ngokuthinta ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezihamba esikhaleni esihlobene nesihloko esidingidwa, kudingeka izinhlobo ezilandelayo:

1. Inkanyezi enomsila - Izinto eziheha ilanga futhi ziqukethe iqhwa negesi. Njengoba usondela ekukhanyisweni okukhulu kwesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga, i-comet yakhiwa umsila, owelulelwa ezigidini zamakhilomitha.
2. AmaBollian - Izinto ezigqamile zomlilo wesimo esiyindilinga, emsileni owakhiwa yi-loop loop. Enqubweni yokundiza, imoto iyashicilelwa, ifana nababhulayo, kwesinye isikhathi umzimba wasezulwini ocatshangelwe kuqhuma.
3. Ama-Asteroids - Izinto zangemva kwemvelo ezihlobene nesigaba semizimba emincane yohlelo lwelanga. Ukuhamba ku-Orbits azungeze ilanga, ububanzi babo busuka kumashumi amamitha ambalwa amamitha amakhilomitha. Iningi lama-asteroid agxile phakathi kwemigwaqo yeMars neJupiter.
4. Meteoras - Izidumbu zeCosmic zivutha emnyango oya emkhathini womhlaba futhi zimele izinsalela zama-asteroid noma ama-comets.

Ukusuka ekwandeni kwangaphambilini, kufanelekile ukusho umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-meteorite kusuka meteor ukuthi owokuqala ufinyelela ebusweni bomhlaba, nokushiswa kwesibili emnyango komoya wayo.

Izinhlobo zama-meteorites

Ukwakheka kwama-meteorites kuhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu:

• -Litshe (cishe ama-93%), ikakhulukazi aqukethe izilindi. Kunamasu amancane amabili: amaChondrites nama-Ahondiri. I-Chondriti ihlukaniswa ngenani le-Iron Okuqukethwe, futhi lineChondra - ukwakheka okuyi-spirical okubandakanya izilondi. I-Ahondrita - izingcezu ze-protoplanet zezinto ezingemuva ezincibilikisiwe futhi ezihlukaniswe yinsimbi nezilimo.
• Insimbi yoku-ayina (5.5-6%) - yi-iron-nickel alloy. Ukwakheka kwabo ngamanani amancane kuqukethe amaminerali.
• I-Iron-Stone (1.5%) - Ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili. AmaMesoriiteri angama-meteorites angamatshe ayi-iron ngokungcola kwezilindi. Ama-Pallasites yizinto zesikhala izilondati ezihlanganisa amakristalu e-olivine ama-magnivine noma izinsalela zazo.

Ama-meteorites athola amagama awo, kuya ngendawo yokufika, efana, ngokwesibonelo, i-tungusky noma i-chelyabinsk meteorite.

Ama-meteorite abulala ama-dinosaurs awela kuphi?

Inyanga, enesimo sezulu, okuyizigidi zezikhathi zobumnene kunomhlaba, ingabe ngaphansi kwethonsi lama-meteorites. Ngemuva kwalokho, izingcezwana zabanye babo zithunyelwe ngaseMhlabeni - zivame ukubonwa esibhakabhakeni futhi zibizwa ngokuthi "izinkanyezi eziwayo."

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi iningi "lezivakashi ezivela emkhathini" zishise emkhathini womhlaba noma zigxila olwandle, kunezimo ezibulalayo. Yize izindaba eziphathelene nezisulu zamatshe awela ezulwini zahlangana ngisho naseKarasky Epoch, umcimbi wokuqala obhalwe phansi uthathwa njengomcimbi owenzeka ngonyaka we-1888 eTurkey. Lapho-ke iMeteorite yangena emkhathini yabulala owesilisa. U-2016 uyaphinde wagujwa - Ngemuva kwalokho ngemuva kosuku lokushaqeka olubangelwa ukufika komzimba wangemva kokungemthetho eNdiya, umshayeli webhasi washona edolobheni laseNduna.

I-Astrophysics, ngemuva kokuhlaziya imininingwane kusukela ngo-1860 kuya ku-2018, yaphetha ngokuthi imizimba emikhulu yasezulwini ifana ne-chelyabinsk meteorite (15-20 m) ifakwe emhlabathini njalo eminyakeni engama-25.

UCrater Chikshulub, osesiqhingini saseYucatan kanye nama-craters amakhulu emhlabeni, unokujula kuka-15-20 km nowamakhi we-180 km. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi basungule eminyakeni engama-66-67 edlule ngesikhathi sokuwa ngemuva kokuwa kwe-asteroid, ubukhulu bawo bungamakhilomitha ayi-10. Amandla avela kumthelela wawungu-100 Tertanton ku-Ttatil okulingana, okungukuthi, izigidi zezikhathi ezinamandla kakhulu okuxakile okushisayo.

Into yesikhala indiza e-angle ka-60 °, okuyisimo esibi kakhulu ngenxa yenani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlanganisela ze-sulfurled sulfur kanye ne-carbon dioxide, kanye nemiphumela: kanye ne-meteorite yabangela ama-tsunami ukuphakama kwama-50 -100 m.

Ngenxa yokuhlangana kwesikhashana okunesikhathi sokuba khona kwama-dinosaurs, ukuwa kumane nje kulo mzimba wangemva kokungemthetho futhi kubizwa ngokuthi yimbangela ebulale izakhamuzi zangaphambili zomhlaba. Lokhu kucatshangwa kwenziwa ngawo-1970 nge-Alvares, umndeni wososayensi, isazi semvelo uLouis nendodana yakhe, isazi sezazi zaWalter.

Baphinde bathola okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Iridium endaweni yokuwa, okucishe kwafika esikhaleni. I-hyverez ka-Alvarez yathola impendulo emphakathini wezesayensi, kwathi ngonyaka we-2010, lapho ososayensi beba nemiphumela yesikhathi eside ye-BIOSPHERE yomhlaba, i-hypothesis yaqala ukubhekwa njengendawo.

Ama-meteorites adumile

I-Meteorite enkulu kunazo zonke, elungiswe ngobuntu kwi-ERU enembile, ibhekwa njenge-Goba - isisindo sayo ilingana namathani angama-60, kanye ne-3 m. Indawo ekwimephu, lapho kutholakala khona umzimba wasezulwini, yiNamibia - Umcimbi wenzeka cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-80 edlule. Isidumbu se-cosmic satholakala muva nje - ngo-1920, umnikazi wepulazi le-Goba-wes ngendlela yokulima ama-Metallic athola into enkulu yensimbi. I-geob meteorite kusukela ngesikhathi sokutholwa kwayo ilahlekelwe amathani ayi-6 kwathi ama-84% aqukethe insimbi, kwathi ngo-1955 kwathiwa yigugu likazwelonke lezwe.

I-Fukhan Meteorite, etholakala edolobheni elifanayo eChina ngonyaka ka-2000, mhlawumbe iyisidumbu esihle kakhulu sangemva kokuthola umuntu. Into ethathwa njengeyakhethwa isho uhlobo lwama-Pallasites, futhi esakhiweni sayo kukhona amakristalu egolide e-Olivine, kanye "ne-honeycombb" kaNickel nensimbi. Kukholelwa ukuthi kwasungulwa eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-4,5 edlule kwinqubo yokwenza uhlelo lwelanga.

I-Tungus phenomenon

NgoJuni 1908 eduze komfula, umfula iTunguska eMfuleni uMbuso WaseRussia kwakukhona ukwehla entweni yesikhala: Isibhakabhaka sakhanyiswa ngokukhanya okukhanyayo, ngombala we-Eyewitfaln, ngokusho kobomvu, ophuzi futhi mhlophe. Abantu abakhuphuke eduze nomhlaba kaTunguscian, mhlawumbe bawe emhlabathini, bakhononda ngomkhuhlane onamandla.

Imisindo evela kulokhu kuqhuma yazwakala ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayi-1000 ukusuka ku-epiententer, imiphumela yegagasi eliqhumayo yaqoshwa yi-seismographs ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zeplanethi, futhi izihlahla ezitholakala esigcawini ezingama-2000 km ^ 2 zadonswa ngezimpande. Izinzwa zikhombise amandla okuqhuma alingana no-20-40 MT ku-TNT elilinganayo. Naphezu kocwaningo olwengeziwe, ososayensi behlulekile ukubona izindaba, obezoqinisekisa ukuxabana okubikezele komzimba we-cosmic nomhlaba.

I-Chelyabinsk "Guest"

Lesi yisimo se-meteorite esenzeka eRussia - eChelyabinsk ngoFebhuwari 2013 ngenxa yokubola esimweni somhlaba se-asteroid. Lo mcimbi wawuhambisana namagagasi ashaqekile asatshalaliswa esifundeni saseChelyabinsk, futhi wabangela ukucekelwa phansi kwezinhlaka ezisetshenzisiwe kanye nokulimala kwabantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbili zabantu bendawo. Ngokusho kokulinganisa kwe-NASA, amandla ngenxa yokuqhuma komzimba wezulu kube yi-350 kuye kwangama-500 ct.

Izicucu zento etholile zitholwe ezindaweni eziningana zesifunda saseChelyabinsk, kanye nezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zomzimba we-cosmic, inqwaba yayo ingu-654 kg, etholakala eLake ChebarkArlul, enye yazo ibekwa emnyuziyamu we Ama-Urals aseningizimu.

Ngabe kubiza malini ama-meteori?

EGibhithe lasendulo, abantu abanaka ngokukhethekile baphathwe izinsimbi eziqukethwe kuma-meteorites abatholwe yizo, bebheka izipho zabo zonkulunkulu, futhi futhi bavame ukudala ubucwebe. Kuze kube yiminyaka engama-40 edlule, izidumbu zasezulwini zithunyelwa eminyuziyamu namanyuvesi ezesayensi, futhi kusukela ngo-1946, kwaqala ukuthengiswa kwabaqoqi, abatshalizimali nabantu kamuva baqala ukubiza "abazingeli beMeteorites".

Uma izinto zangemva kwenzalo ziyinzalo yesayensi yososayensi, ngoba ngosizo lwazo, kungenzeka ukuthi ufunde kabanzi ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nalolu daba olusha nesikhathi lapho kwakhiwa khona, lapho-ke abazingeli beMeteorites yinzuzo enhle yenzuzo.

I-meteorite ebiza kakhulu yomhlaba ebizwa ngokuthi i-fukhan ibiza ama- $ 1.7 million - isisindo sayo sokuhlola kwakungu-1000 kg, futhi ukwakheka kufaka phakathi izisekelo ze-iron-nickel kanye ne-olivine. Waphoqelelwa izingcezu ezincane wayibeka endalini. Naphezu kwezindleko eziphakeme zazo ezifisa ukuba ngumnikazi womzimba omuhle kakhulu ongemva kokungemthetho waphenduka izinkathazo.

Sesha

Izindlela ezintathu eziphambili zokufuna ama-meteorites:

1. Ukuhlolwa kwendawo yokufika okuhlosiwe kwento yesikhala, ukuhlanzwa okwalandela kwensimu kusuka ezintweni zakwamanye amazwe nokufakwa kwesibonakaliso esikhethekile.
2. Ukusesha kusetshenziswa imishini yensimbi, njengoba ama-meteorites amaningi afaka izinsimbi.
3. Ukwembiwa okuqala ngemuva kokuthi amadivayisi aqopha izimpawu zomzimba wangemuva.

Kusukela ngo-2019 kuya ku-202, onjiniyela abavela e-United States ababandakanyekile ekuhlolweni kohlelo lokutholwa kwama-meteorites anamakhamera nokubona ukuqubuka okuvela emizimbeni yama-cosmic ngesikhathi sokuwa kwawo. Indlela entsha ayikanikezeli imiphumela ebalulekile, ngasikhathi sinye iyaphawulwa ukuthi indlela iyathuthuka futhi kungekudala izofika ezingeni elisha.

Ama-meteorites athathwa yizingqondo hhayi ososayensi kuphela, abatshalizimali, ubucwebe kanye nabazingeli ngentuthuko, kodwa futhi nabantu abajwayelekile, ukuthi ngokuphela kwenhliziyo kubhekisisa ukuthi kunesimo somhlaba endabeni yemizuzwana, kushiye ngemuva I-loop ekhanyayo evuthayo kanye nomuzwa wokuxhumana nendawo engapheli. Kepha umphakathi wesayensi akufanele ukhohlwe ukuthi, kanye nobuhle, i-meteorite ibhekana nosongo lwangempela ebuntwini. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wokuthola imizimba yangemuva ezigabeni zokuqala zokulinganiselwa kwazo emhlabeni akufanele zinyamalale ku-ajenda.