Biography
I-Plny Ader-Umbhali, ubume bembali, umbhali-mbali kunye nesithandi-sobulumko, iNkokeli yenqanawa yoBukhosi baseRoma, umhlobo womlawuli wentloko. Umbhali odumileyo webinzana lesiLatini "kwi-Vino Veritas" ("Inyaniso kwi-Inion") nezinye iikowuti ezaziwayo, uMdali wembali ", umalume kunye notata womtshato, Somlomo, igqwetha kunye nombhali uPlinia Jr.Ubuntwana noLutsha
I-Plny Derice (i-Guy Poters) yazalwa phakathi kweminyaka engama-23 neye-24. NS. Kwintsapho yeRides Gajus gothia Keeler nenkosikazi yakhe uMarcella. Ngokwendlela efanayo, wayengumthonyama weVerona, kwabanye - lavela kwisixeko saseRoma esitsha.
Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, abazali bePole bengabakwa-Antique. Amagama afunyanwa yifilosoti evela kookhokho babenokwanele inzala yakhe ye-plinya ngemizuzwana yokuthenga isikolo, ilayibrari, kwiindawo ezininzi ezijikeleze i-rome kunye ne-chico kwaye ikhutshelwe iNgxowa-mali yokunceda abafazi basekhaya nabantwana.
I-Parios ye-Pole ephezulu yayiphakathi kwabantu kwi-Novaum comony, ngoko ke yayingamaRoma amandulo, kodwa wakhetha ukwaziwa njengoRoma.
Isithandi-sobulumko esizayo sifumene imfundo yesiko kwaye saphumelela ikhosi yokwakhiwa komthetho. Abafundisi-ntsapho babo babengabapolitiki, inkokeli yasemkhosini kunye ne-Plabonius imizuzwana yasePubonius imizuzwana emininzi, umbhali we-Gramamer Grammer Peremon, i-orrator fuus andrest cartor.
Inkonzo yasemkhosini kunye nemisebenzi kaRhulumente
Ngo-46, malunga neminyaka engama-23 ubudala, iPliny yangena kwimiqolo yomkhosi waseRoma, owayeqhelisela inzala yabakhweli. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, waqala inkonzo kwindawo yomphathi we-couhort kwiJamani esezantsi, kwaye ngonyaka weJamani ophantsi, kwaye ngonyaka we-47, umbhali wexesha elizayo wathabatha inxaxheba kwi-riber yesizwe kunye nolwakhiwo lwemilambo.
Emva kwethuba, igosa eliselula lawela phantsi komyalelo wePomniia owesibini kwaye lajoyina isikhundla se-temine yeqela kwikomkhulu lesithili. Ukuzibonakalisa kwiphulo elilandelayo kwi-Hawka, iPlanethi yaba ngumphathi we-Wing kwaye yamkela uxanduva lwe-cavalidry bartion kunye nabantu abamalunga nama-480 abantu. Emva kokuchitha yonke inkonzo yasemkhosini kwesi sikhundla, wayezimisele ukuchaza imbali yeemfazwe phakathi kwamaRoma namaJamani, kodwa wasenza esi sicwangciso emva kokuba eyeke kwinkonzo.
Sishiya indawo esemthethweni emkhosini, uPliny wathatha uncwadi. Wabuyela esidlangalaleni neyezopolitiko kuphela ngo-69, xa i-verpasia yangaphambili yomkhosi yaba nguMlawuli woBukhosi baseRoma, yazabalazela ukubuyisela uqoqosho kwaye lubeke uqoqosho lwelizwe kwisiseko esomeleleyo.
Umlawuli omtsha wayefuna abaxhasi kwaye abanikelwe, kwaye i-Plny yabakho omnye umntu onikwa i-Emperor, kwaye wathatha iposti yamazwe ase-Afrika naseSpain, esenza igalelo kubalo lwabemi nge-73- Iminyaka engama-74. Umbhali uxhasa ubudlelwane obunobuhlobo kunye neVespasian. Ukuba kwikomkhulu, watsala abantu abatyelele umlawuli kwaye emva koko kwakwenziwa kusekwe ekuphumezeni eminye imisebenzi.
Kwimisebenzi yePralia phakathi kwe-70s, ulwazi oluthembekileyo alugcinwanga. Mhlawumbi ngelo xesha wayeseRoma, apho wayelungiselela ukukhululwa kwe "Imbali yehlabathi". Ngokufanelekileyo, umthengisi uya kuvulwa "kwitempile yehlabathi", apho babeqokelelwa khona ubugcisa, behombisa "kwiNdlu yeGolide" yeNero, kwaye wayalela ukuba i-tagdis yasebusuku. Kwinkumbulo yabantu bexesha eliphakathi kunye nabazukulwana, kuyaziwa ukuba kungekudala nje kokuba kusweleke i-verpasia yonyule i-despasian ikwisikhundla esimiselweyo kwi-MESIn.
Imisebenzi yoncwadi
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inkonzo yasemkhosini i-pliny yabhala iNcwadi yokuqala ekusebenziseni imipu ethile kwiimfazwe zehashe. Umsebenzi awuzange ugcinwe, kodwa umxholo wayo wakhankanywa "kwimbali yendalo" yafikelela kuthi.
Ukubuyela eRoma, umbhali waqalisa wapapasha umsebenzi wesibini wokubhalwa koncwadi kwimiqulu ye-2 enikezelwe kwi-biography yomphathi-mkhosi wakhe, umphathi-mphathi ozukisiweyo pomporia yesibini. Le ncwadi, eyaba ngumrhumo kumphathi nomhlobo, yayikuphela komsebenzi ochaza ubomi kunye ne-heroic port yomxhasi wendoda eyaziwayo, engazange ikhankanywe kwimisebenzi yembali.
Kwangelo xesha, uPliny waphelisa imbali yembali eyaxelelwa ngenkqubela phambili yeemfazwe zaseJamani zaseJamani. Yayineencwadi ezingama-20, kamva zacatshulwa nguTacitis kwi-ANANALS. Le ndibano ayigcinwanga, kuba abantu bexesha elide bathanda uguqulelo lomlandeli kwi-Multicolor ye-Multicolor.
Ngexesha lolawulo lolawulo lwe-Emperor Nero, uPliny wazama ukungatsaleli ingqalelo ingqalelo yolawulo oluhlangeneyo lweRoma. Ubhale imisebenzi kwizihloko zegrama kunye ne-rhetoric, eyathathwa njengekhuselekileyo kwimbono yezopolitiko. I-6-tomny i-studial ye-Studial kunye neencwadi ezisi-8 ezibizwa ngokuba ngu "Dubii Cermos" ziyaziwa.
Emva kokubulawa kukaNero ngo-68 kunye nokuqeshwa kwiposti yomthendeleko wamaRoma, ama-Afrika nangeSpanish, inani leziseko zenzululwazi kwi-biology, kwezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nezolimo nemigodi yegolide zabhalwa.
Owona msebenzi uphakamileyo we-Pole oPhezulu waba yi "Imbali yeNdalo", i-Encyclopedia, eyayineencwadi ezingama-37 apho umbhali aqokelele khona indalo yamaRoma. Isiseko somsebenzi yayingamava obuqu sombhali, iincwadi zababhali abangafundanga nabadala. Ngexesha leminyaka engama-73-74, amanqaku aqinisekisiweyo afunyenwe kwi-Encyclopedia, adala ingqokelela yeendinyana ezahlukeneyo, umtshazi womtshayelo.
"Imbali yendalo" yaba yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zobukhosi boBukhosi bamaRoma amandulo, egubungele yonke indawo yolwazi lwanamhlanje ngokusekelwe kwimithombo ethembekileyo negunya. Umsebenzi wawunamanqaku kwi-biology, iZoology, i-Istronomy, i-Istronomy kunye neMiolology kunye neMineglogy, ichaze izinto zokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zendalo kunye nenkqubo yezobuchwephesha kwimveliso yazo.
Ininzi into ebhaliweyo i-Plumni iqinisekisiwe ngexesha lokumbiwa kwezinto zakudala: Izazinzulu zafumana iintsana ezisetyenziselwa ukugaya ingqolowa, kunye ne-faintntion yokutyibilika kwe-cobs.
I-Encyclopedia iye yaba ngumthombo obalulekileyo wolwazi malunga nobugcisa beRoma yamandulo, iqulethe ulwazi malunga nemisebenzi yamagcisa adumileyo kunye nolwazi lwebhayoloji malunga nabo. Impapasho yakha isiseko sokuba "ubomi" bombhali wasePeru wasePergeo Viazari kunye nokuzalisa umsantsa kwimbali yokupeyinta kunye nemizobo.
"Imbali yendalo" yasebenza njengemodeli ye-encyclopedias elandelayo ngenxa yobubanzi bomxholo olandelayo, amakhonkco kubabhali bentsusa kunye noluhlu olupheleleyo lwamanqaku amiselweyo kumxholo. Ulwakhiwo olucacileyo lokutya kwezinto ezivela kwitotali kwi-wabucala kuvunyelwe kuqala ukuchaza indawo yokufunda, kwaye izinto, izinto zayo. Umzekelo, kwicandelo lezilwanyana, iintlobo ezizezona zinye zidityanisiwe kwindawo yokuhlala, kwaye amanqaku akwi-Astronomy aqala ngethiyori ye-cosmology.
Amacandelo ombhali we-encyclopedia owakhiwe ngokulandelelana kwawo ngokulandelelana. Kwincwadi yokuqala, wachaza imvelaphi yendalo iphela, emva koko waqulatha umhlaba kwaye, wazisa imikhwa kwicandelo lejografi, wagqiba umsebenzi malunga nabemi beplanethi, bachukumise onke amanqanaba obomi bomntu kunye nobomi. Ngokuchasene neminye imisebenzi yabadala, "imbali yendalo" kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi zasinda kumbhali, oko ke kwiXesha Eliqhelekileyo i-Antine Encyclopedia ibeka isigama sesifiso se-Latin kwaye sanceda ekufumaneni izinto ezithile zobugcisa bamandulo.
Ubomi Buqu
Pluny SR. Khange abenabo abafazi okanye nabantwana bakhe. Umbhali wayehlala phantsi kophahla olunye nodadewabo kunye nonyana wakhe, babanyamekela emva kokusweleka kwentloko yentsapho. Eyo umyolo, wamkela umtshana ngokuba ekwazi ukuba nelifa ipropathi yombhali.
Eyona nto iphambili yolwazi lobomi bomntu kunye nomsebenzi we-encycloperist yakudala yaseRoma kwaye inzala yafumana imibulelo kumanqaku ePlyna Jr.
Ukufa
Ukusweleka kombhali wembali yendalo, izazinzulu zinxulunyaniswa nokuqhushumba kwe-vosuvius intaba-mlilo nge-24 ka-Agasti, 78. Ngeli xesha, le ndoda yamthwalwa emkhosini kwizithuthi e-mesin. Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwePompeii naseHerculana, umphathi-mkhosi wafumana umyalezo wabahlobo ngesicelo soncedo.
I-Encycloperist edumileyo ikhokelele kwinqanawa yonxweme olwalunxweme lweNeapolitan Gulf, ukusindisa abantu kwimimandla ye-lescano. Xa i-ash nothuthu baqala ngendlela eya kwinqanawa, iplony kunye namagama athi "Ithamsanqa iyathanda ukuba nesibindi", endaweni yokujika, iqhubeke nendlela.
Iqela lifikile elunxwemeni lokubetha kwaye laya kukhangela amaxhoba. Umoya oqingqiweyo owathintela ukufuduswa kwangoko, kwaye oomatiloshe abakhokelwa yi-Pole babefihlakele elunxwemeni. Xa imozulu iba yinto entle, abaphantsi bafumanisa ukuba umphathi wabo akakwazi ukukhwela noncedo olugqithisileyo. Umbhali wayesele esixekweni apho wafela ityhefu kwizibini ezinamatyhefu.
Enye inguqulelo yokufa kwendiza ephezulu ichazwe ngu-quinta Beiby Marcy, urhulumente uyalulwa ngobungqina boBukristu baseRoma. Ngokutsho kwakhe, unobangela wokufa kombhali wembali yemvelo yayingumdla olula, ngenxa yokuba wayesondela kuye kufutshane neVesuvius.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, umbhali-mbali uKoowaway, obizwa ngokuba yiHypothesis ngokusweleka kwentaba yaseRoma, iSayensi yakudala yayingazange ibe kufutshane nombhali onamandla, impilo ebuthathaka iingxaki ezinokwenzeka ngentliziyo.
Inkqubo
- "Imbali yeNdalo"
- "I-Studious"
- "I-Dubi Intshumayelo"
- "Malunga nokuphosa amahashe"
- "Ngobomi bePomponia
- "Iimfazwe zaseJamani"
- "I-AufIi Bassi"