Biography
Mukuru wePliny - munyori, zvakasikwa, munyori wenhoroondo, munyori wenhoroondo uye muzivi wezvezviuto zveMambo wekutanga weRoma, shamwari yaMambo veSpasian. Munyori ane mukurumbira wechiLatin mutsara "muVino veritas" ("Chokwadi cheVanhu veLININ") Uye mamwe matsvene anonyatsozivikanwa, babamunini uye vasinganzwisisi vezvematongerwo enyika, mutauri, gweta uye munyori plinia jr.Hudu uye Vechidiki
Pliny Senior (Guy Pliny masekondi) akaberekerwa pakati pemakore makumi matatu nemasere. Ns. Mumhuri yeRider Gajus Plinia Keeler nemukadzi wake Marcella. Saizvozvo nenzira imwe cheteyo, aive munhu weVerona, mune vamwe - akauya achibva kuguta reRoma reNew Dom.
Sekureva kwevaongorori, vabereki vepombi vaive vekare antique genus. Izvo nyika zvakagarwa nhaka neuzivi kubva kumadzitateguru aive akakwana kune wake wezana kuti awane mari yekunyepa kwemasekondi kuti atengei chikoro, dzakawanda nzvimbo dzakatenderedza Roma naLake uye dzakateedzera mari yekubatsira vakadzi nevana.
Pariosi yedare repamusoro ranga riri pakati pevanhu pakutanga mune iyo Novum colony, saka neNyika Aigona kunge ari kuvaGiriki vekare, asi akasarudza kuzivikanwa seRoma.
Muzivi wenguva yemberi akagamuchira dzidzo yechinyakare uye akapfuura kosi yemutemo. Vadzidzisi vavo vaive vatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika, vemauto uye mutambi wezvemauto uye mutambi wemauto masekondi, munyori weGraremmar yeRoma quont quey Perememy uye naturist anthony castor.
Basa rehondo uye zviitiko zveNyika
Muna 46, anenge makore makumi maviri nematatu okukura, pliny Senior akabatana nemitsara yeuto reRoma, hwaive hwakajaira tsika yevazukuru vevatasvi vamabandi. Maererano nevanoongorora, akatanga kushumirwa munharaunda yemutungamiriri wechikuru muGermany akadzika muGerman, uye mune ramangwana rakatorwa mukukunda kweHaski pakati penzias Maas uye rhine.
Mushure mechinguva, mumwe mukuru wechidiki akawira pasi pekuraira kwekuratidzwa kwePomponia wechipiri uye akabatana nechimiro chemukuru wemauto padzimbahwe redunhu. Kuzvizivisa mumushandirapamwe unotevera kuHowa, Pliny Senior yakava mutungamiriri wemidhiri uye akagamuchira mutoro wekutakura bhiza nevanhu vanoverengeka vanosvika zviuru makumi mana nemashanu. Pashure pokunge tashanda basa remauto munzvimbo ino, aida kurondedzera nhoroondo yehondo pakati pevaRoma nevaGerman, asi vaishandisa zano iri mushure mekunge arega basa.
Sezvo asiya chinzvimbo chepamutemo muuto, pliny akatora mabhuku. Akadzokera kune vanhu voruzhinji uye vezvematongerwo enyika muna 69, apo aimbove mauto eMutungamiriri weVespasian akazova mambo weHurumende hweRoma, achisvitswa kudzoreredza nyika uye akaisa hupfumi hwakasimba.
Mutongi matsva aida vatsigiri uye vanozvipira, uye Plinyava mumwe wevagari vemo vava vasingagumi vaMambo, uye vakatora procurator veRoma, uye kuSpain, vachiita mupiro kuhuwandu hwehuwandu mu73- Makore makumi manomwe nemanomwe. Munyori akatsigira hukama hushamwari naVespasia. Kuve muguta guru, akarova kwazvo kushanya kunoenda kuMutongi uye akazozadzisa kuzadzisa mamwe mabasa.
Pane zviitiko zve pralia mumakore 70s, ruzivo rwakavimbika haruna kuchengetedzwa. Pamwe panguva iyoyo aive muRoma, kwaaive achigadzirira kuburitswa kwe "nhoroondo yenyika" edition. Zvichida, purophegi rakapinda pakuvhurwa kwe "tembere yenyika", apo mahunyanzvi akaunganidzwa, akashora imba ye "yegoridhe" yaNero, uye akaraira yerudzi rwevatoriona. Kubva pane ndangariro dzevanhu vorudzi uye vazukuru, zvinozivikanwa nguva pfupi kuti kufa kweVespasia kugadza pralia kune chinzvimbo chechikepe chakavhenekerwa mumesini.
Inoshanda inoshanda
Mumakore achangopfuura, basa remauto Pliny Senior vakanyora bhuku rekutanga pane kushandiswa kwepfuti dzakananga mumabhiza emabhiza. Basa racho harina kuchengetedzwa, asi zvirimo zvacho zvakataurwa mu "nhoroondo yechisikigo" yasvika kwatiri.
Kudzokera kuRoma, mumwe munyori anotanga akaburitsa echipiri kushanda mune maviri mavhoriyamu akazvitsaurira kune iyo Biography yemutungamiriri Wake mutungamiriri, akapiwa mbiri pomponia yechipiri. Iri bhuku, rakazova mutero kumutungamiriri uye shamwari, ndiro chete basa rinorondedzera hupenyu uye herodi portrait remauto emauto akabata, mushure mezvo haana kumbotaura nezvemabasa ezvakaitika kare.
Panguva imwecheteyo, pliny akapedza nhoroondo yerondedzero yakaudza nezve kufambira mberi kwehondo yechiGerman yeRoma. Yaisanganisira mabhuku makumi maviri, gare gare yakataurwa neTacitis muAntals. Uku kupokana uku hakuna kuchengetedzwa zvakare, nekuti vanhu vakararama vakasarudza vhezheni yakapfupikiswa yemuteveri kune iyo yekutanga multicolor.
Munguva yekutonga kwaMambo Nero, Pliny akaedza kuti arege kukwezva kutarisisa kwekutonga kweRome. Akanyora mabasa ezvinyorwa zvegirama uye rhetoric, ayo aionekwa akachengeteka kubva pane zvematongerwo enyika maonero. Iyo 6-Tomny Studiosus Tutorial ne8 Mabhuku Anonzi "Dubii Sermonis" anozivikanwa.
Mushure mekufa kwaNero muna 68 uye kugadzwa kune iyo post yeProcurator yeProcurator Crocuronga yevaRoma, yeSpanish neyespines yePliny, kakawanda uye zvekurima uye goridhe mumigodhi zvakanyorwa.
Iyo yekupedzisira uye ibasa rakakosha kwazvo renzvimbo yepamusoro rakazova "nhoroondo yechisikigo", iyo Encyclopedia, yaive nemabhuku makumi matatu nematatu umo munyori mukuru akaunganidza ruzivo ruzhinji rusununguko muRoma. Hwaro hwebasa hwaive hwakawana ruzivo rwemunyori, mabhuku evatangwara uye vakararama panguva iyoyo. Mukati memakore makumi manomwe nemashanu, mapliny akaraira zvinyorwa zvinosanganiswa neiyo encyclopedia, ichigadzira muunganidzwa wemhando dzakasiyana siyana ndima, iyo iyo muzukuru akabatwa.
"Nhoroondo yechisikigo" yakava imwe yemabasa makuru ekuchengetedzwa ekuvapo kweHurumende yekare yeRoma, iyo yakafukidza nzvimbo yese yeruzivo rwezuva razvino kubva pane yakavimbika uye ine masimba ezvigadzirwa. Basa raive nezvinyorwa pane biology, zoology, mushonga, kuongorora nyeredzi, zvengarava uye zvichirondedzera zvimiro zvezvinhu zvakasikwa uye maitiro ehunyanzvi ekugadzira kwavo.
Zvakawanda zvezvakanyorwa Plini panguva yekuchera matongo: masayendisiti akawana zvikwangwani zvemabhuru emvura anoshandiswa kukunya chibage, pamwe nemafashoni ekuzara kweiyo cobs.
The Encyclopedia yakava tsime rakakosha yeruzivo nezvehunyanzvi hweroma yekare, yaive neruzivo nezvezvemabasa evanozivikanwa artists uye ruzivo rwepfungwa nezvavo. Bhuku racho rakaumba hwaro hwe "hupenyu" hwePeru Italian munyori Georgeo VaGeorgeo Vazari uye kuzadza musimboti munhoroondo yekupenda kweItaly uye mifananidzo.
"Nhoroondo yechisikigo" yakashanda semuenzaniso wekutevera Encycloppias nekuda kwehupamhi hwerudzi rwekudzidza, zvinongedzo pane vanyori vepakutanga uye rondedzero yakazara yezvinyorwa zvinoratidzwa mune zviri mukati. Iyo yakajeka chimiro chezvinhu zvekudya kubva kune chakavanzika kune chakavanzika chinotenderwa kutanga kutsanangura nzvimbo yekufunda, uyezve zvinhu, zvikamu zvacho. Semuenzaniso, muchikamu chemhuka, marudzi ese mhuka dzakabatanidzwa mudumba, uye zvinyorwa zviri kuzivikanwa zvakatanga nedzidziso yeCosmology.
Zvikamu zveiyo encyclopedia munyori akavakirwa mukurongeka. Mubhuku rekutanga, akarondedzera kwakatangira zvakasikwa, ipapo pasi rose uye, kuunza pfungwa kubva kumunda weGeography, vakapedza basa reruzivo pamusoro pevagari vepasi rose, vakabayiwa pamhenderekedzo dzese dzinozivikanwa dzehupenyu hwevanhu uye hupenyu. Kusiyana nemamwe mabasa Senior, "Natural History" kwemazana emakore akawanda vakapona pachake munyori wayo, saka kuMiddle Ages ane antiikki enisaikoropidhiya vakaisa kutanga Latin yesayenzi mazwi uye akabatsira kuonekwa uye kuziva zvimwe zvinhu iwe yekare.
Hupenyu Hwako
Pliny SR. haina kana vakadzi kana vana vake. Iye munyori akararama pasi pedenga rimwe nasisi vake nemwanakomana wake, achivatarisira mushure mekufa kwemusoro wemhuri. Mukuda, akatora muzukuru kuna iye anogona kugara nhaka yezvivakwa zvine hunyanzvi hwemunyori.
Chikamu chikuru cheruzivo rwehupenyu hwega uye basa revaongorori vekare veRoma vaivemo uye vazukuru vakagamuchira nekutenda kune zvinyorwa zvePlyna Jr., uyo akazova mutauri anozivikanwa, mutambi anozivikanwa uye nhamba yeruzhinji.
Rufu
Rufu rwemunyori wenhoroondo yechisikigo, masayendisiti ane chekuita nekuputika kweVesuvu Volcano musi waGunyana 24, 79. Panguva ino, murume wacho akatora basa remauto pachikepe mumesini. Mushure mekuparadzwa kwePompeii neHerculana, mutungamiriri akagamuchira meseji yeshamwari nechikumbiro chekubatsira.
Iyo encyclopences pachayo yakatungamira ngarava kusvika pamhenderekedzo yakatarisana yeNeapolitan Gulf, kuponesa vanhu kubva kune lesion zone yeiyo lesion nzvimbo yakaputika. Madota nemadota zvakati vachifamba munzira inoenda muchikepe, pliny nemazwi anoti "Rombo rakanaka rinoda brive", panzvimbo pekudzoka, akaenderera mberi nenzira.
Chikwata chakasvika pamhenderekedzo yegungwa uye vakapinda mukutsvaga vanobatwa. Mhepo yakasimbiswa yakamisikidzwa kubviswa nekukurumidza, uye vafambisi vechikepe vakatungamira padanda zvakavanzika pamhenderekedzo. Kana mamiriro ekunze akanakirwa, vafambisi venhare vakaona kuti mutungamiriri wavo haana kugona kukwira kunyange nerubatsiro rwakanyanya. Munyori akasiyiwa muguta maakafa nehutu kuvanhu vakaroora vane zvinhu.
Imwe vhezheni yekufa kweiyo yepamusoro ndege inotsanangurwa neQuinta Beby Macr, iyo Nhare yeHurumende yeHurumende yevaRoma yekutanga kwezana rechipiri. Maererano naye, chikonzero chekufa kwemunyori wenhoroondo yechisikigo chakange chiri kuda kuziva, nekuda kwekuti kwaakasvika padyo naVesuvus.
Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, munyori wenhoroondo Konway zirkl, uyo akashevedza zvese zvekufa kweParley Senior, musayenzi wekare akasungirirwa nemunyori ane munyori, ane hutano husina simba uye matambudziko anogona kuita nemoyo.
Mafambiro
- "Nhoroondo Yakasikwa"
- "Studiosus"
- "Dubi Sermis"
- "Vanenge vatasva vanokanda"
- "PaHupenyu hwePompian Secund"
- "Hondo dzeGerman"
- "A FITE AUFIDII Bassi"