Ubuzima
Umusaza w'ibintu - Umwanditsi, Umuhanga mu by'amateka n'umuhangafiriyo, umuyobozi w'ingabo zirwanira mu Bwami bwa mbere y'Abaroma, inshuti y'Umwami w'abami vespasian. Umwanditsi uzwi cyane w'imvugo y'Ikilatini "muri Vino Veritas" ("Ukuri muri Divayi") hamwe n'indi magambo azwi, Umuremyi w'Intumwa ya Encyclopedia, wa nyirarume na papa wa politiki, Orateur, avoka n'umwanditsi Plinia Jr.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Pliny Sernior (amasegonda mabi) yavutse ari hagati yimyaka 23 na 24. Ns. Mu muryango wa rider gajus plinia keeler n'umugore we Marcella. Nk'uko bimeze mu buryo bumwe, yari ukomoka muri Verona, mu bandi - yavuye mu mujyi w'Abaroma wa New Com.
Nk'uko abashakashatsi babitangaza, ababyeyi b'inkingi bari mu bwoko bwateganijwe. Ibihugu byararazwe na filozofiya bivuye kubakura byari bihagije kumusore we pluny Cecilius kumasegonda yo kugura ishuri, isomero, ahantu hirya no hino ashinze ikigega gifasha abagore nabana.
Parios yinkingi mukuru yari mubantu babanza muri koloni ya Novum, kimwe n'ubwenegihugu yashoboraga kuba mu Bagereki ba kera, ariko yahisemo kumenyekana nka Roman.
Umuhanga mu wa filozofiya yahawe uburezi gakondo kandi atera inzira y'amategeko. Abigisha bayo bari abanyanyapolitiki, umuyobozi wa gisirikare na Playwright Pubonius amasegonda menshi, umwanditsi wa The Grammar, Umwanditsi w'ikibonezamvugo cy'Abaroma Quint Remine Peremon, Ortotor wa Anthony Anthony Pator.
Serivisi ya gisirikare n'ibikorwa bya Leta
Muri 46, afite imyaka 23, Sliny Serkuru yinjiye mu mirongo y'ingabo z'Abaroma, zikaba zikorwa gisanzwe ku bakomoka ku bazabakomokaho. Nk'uko abashakashatsi, yatangiye serivisi mu ntera y'umugaba w'iyoko wa Cohort mu Budage bwo hasi, kandi muri 47, umwanditsi w7, umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza yigaruriye umuryango wa Hawki no kubaka umuyoboro hagati y'inzuzi Maas na Rhine.
Nyuma yigihe gito, umusore ukiri muto yaguye ku kumenyekanisha icya kabiri cya Pokponia maze yinjira mu mwanya w'imiryango ya gisirikare ku cyicaro gikuru cy'Akarere. Kugira kwigaragaza mu bukangurambaga bwakurikiyeho HAWKA, Sliny Sernior yabaye umuyobozi w'iki w'ibaba kandi yemera inshingano za Batayo y'abanyamafarasi hamwe n'abantu bagera kuri 480. Nyuma yo kumara umusirikare usigaye muri uyu mwanya, yashakaga gusobanura amateka y'intambara hagati y'Abaroma n'Abadage, ariko ashyira mu bikorwa iyi gahunda nyuma yo kureka serivisi.
Amaze kuva mu mwanya wa mbere mu gisirikare, Pliny yafashe ibitabo. Yasubiye mu mirimo ya Leta na politiki gusa, ubwo uwahoze ari umusirikare mukuru wa gisirikare Vespasiyani yabaye umwami w'ingoma y'Abaroma, aharanira kugarura isi ashyira ubukungu bwa Leta ku rufatiro rukomeye.
Umutegetsi mushya yari akeneye abayoboke no kwitangira, kandi Priny yabaye umwe mu baturage yahaye umwami intara akanagira akagero n'akarere ka Afurika na Espanye, atanga umusanzu mu ibarura rusange muri 73- Imyaka 74. Umwanditsi yashyigikiye umubano winshuti na Vespasiyani. Kuba mu murwa mukuru, yakubise uruzindukira mu buryo bukabije umutware kandi icyo gihe nagaha inzira yo gusohoza indi mirimo.
Kubikorwa bya Perezida 70, amakuru yizewe ntabwo yabitswe. Birashoboka ko icyo gihe yari i Roma, aho yitegura kurekura "amateka y'isi". Birashoboka ko Popugake yitabiriye gufungura "urusengero rw'isi", aho yakusanyirijwe hamwe, yashushanyijeho "Inzu ya Zahabu" ya Nero, itegeka ko hazamurwa kurwara isaha ya nijoro. Duhereye ku kwibuka mu gihe n'abazabakomokaho, birazwi ko mbere gato y'urupfu rwa Vespasiya yashyiraho Perezida wa Perefe muri Mesin.
Ibikorwa byubuvanganzo
Mu myaka yashize, serivise ya gisirikare Pliny Serkuru yandikaga igitabo cya mbere ku gukoresha imbunda yihariye mu ntambara yo ku ifarashi. Akazi nticyabitswe, ariko ibirimo byavuzwe mu "mateka kamere" byatugeze.
Asubira i Roma, umwanditsi utangira wasohoye umurimo wa kabiri wubuvanganzo mu gitabo cya 2 cyeguriwe ubuzima bw'umuyobozi we, umuyobozi wahawe icyubahiro Pompnia kabiri. Iki gitabo, wabaye umusoro kuri komanda n'inshuti, niwe murimo wonyine wasobanuye ubuzima n'ishusho y'intwari y'umuyobozi w'igisirikare cya gisirikare, nyuma atayigeze avuga mu mirimo y'amateka.
Muri icyo gihe, Pliny yarangije kuvuga amateka yabwiye aho intambara z'Abaroma n'Abadage. Ryari rigizwe n'ibitabo 20, nyuma ryavuzwe na tacite mu mwaka. Iyi anthologiya nayo ntabwo irinzwe, kubera ko abo gihe bahisemo verisiyo ngufi yumuyoboke kuri multicolor yumwimerere.
Ku ngoma y'Umwami w'abami Nero, Pliny yagerageje kudakurura ibitekerezo byabasazi bya Roma. Yanditse ibikorwa ku ngingo z'ikibonezamvugo n'imvururu, zafatwaga nkumutekano wa politiki. Inyigisho 6-Tomny Inyigisho n'ibitabo 8 bitwa "Seriyoni ya Dubii" birazwi.
Urupfu rwa Nero rumaze ku rupfu rwa 68 ndetse n'abashyirwaho ku mwanya w'umushinjacyaha w'Abaroma, muri Afurika kandi y'Icyesipanyoli na Espagre ya siyansi, ubuhinzi butari buke kuri biologiya, ubuhinzi na zahabu byanditswe.
Icya nyuma n'umurimo w'ibanze w'inkingi mukuru wabaye "amateka karemano, ugizwe n'ibitabo 37 umusya yakusanyije ubumenyi bwihariye mu bihe by'Abaroma. Ishingiro ryakazi niho uburambe bwumwanditsi, ibitabo byabanjirije ababanjirije hamwe. Mugihe c'imyaka 73-74, Pliny yategetse muri Encyclopedia, akora icyegeranyo cyibice bitandukanye, mwishywa yaraze.
"Amateka karemano" yabaye kimwe mu bikorwa byinshi byabitswe byo kubaho kw'ingoma ya kera y'Abaroma, yatwikiriye ahantu hose ubumenyi bugezweho bushingiye ku masoko yizewe kandi yemewe. Akazi karimo ingingo kuri biologiya, zoologiya, ubuvuzi, ubuvuzi, geologiyo, geologiya nubuzima bwabo, byasobanuye ibintu biranga gukoresha umutungo kamere hamwe nuburyo bwikoranabuhanga bwo gukora tekinoloji.
Byinshi mubyo Plinji yanditse yemejwe mu bucukuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo: Abahanga basanze ibisigisigi by'amazi byakoreshwaga mu gusya ibigori, ndetse na faxture ku nkombe z'inkoni.
Encyclopedia yabaye isoko y'ingenzi y'ubumenyi ivuga ku buhanzi bwa Roma ya kera, irimo amakuru ajyanye n'imirimo y'abahanzi bazwi hamwe n'amakuru azwi kubyerekeranye na bo. Igitabo cyashizeho ishingiro ry '"ubuzima" bwa Peru Ubutaliyani Umwanditsi wa Georgeo Vazari kandi yuzuza icyuho mu mateka yo gushushanya ibishushanyo n'ibishushanyo.
"Amateka karemano" yabaye icyitegererezo Encyclopediya yakurikiyeho kubera ubugari bw'insanganyamatsiko yize, amahuza kubanditsi bambere hamwe nurutonde rwuzuye rwibintu bivugwa mubirimo. Imiterere isobanutse yibikoresho uhereye kuri buriwese yemerewe mbere kugirango asobanure aho kwiga, hanyuma ibintu, ibice byayo. Kurugero, mugice cyinyamanswa, ubwoko bwihariye bwahujwe nuburi aho, kandi ingingo zerekeye astroono yatangiranye nigitekerezo cya cosmologiya.
Ibice bya Encyclopedia Umwanditsi yubatswe muburyo bukurikirana. Mu gitabo cya mbere, yasobanuye inkomoko y'isi n'isi kandi, itangiza imyumvire yo mu murima wa Geografiya, yarangije imirimo y'amakuru yerekeye abatuye umubumbe, imiryango yose izwi cyane mubuzima bwabantu n'ubuzima. Bitandukanye n'ibindi bikorwa by'Abakuru, "Amateka Kamere" mu binyejana byinshi yarokotse umwanditsi wacyo, bityo akaba hagati yimyaka ya kera ya siyansi kandi afashwa no kumenya ibintu bimwe na bimwe byubuhanzi bwa kera.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Pliny Sr. nta mugore yari afite cyangwa abana be. Umwanditsi yabayeho mu gisenge kimwe na mushiki we n'umuhungu we, abatayeho nyuma y'urupfu rw'umuryango w'umuryango. Ubushake, yareze mwishywa kubera ko ashobora kuzungura imitungo myinshi y'umwanditsi.
Igice kinini cy'ubumenyi bw'ubuzima bwite n'umurimo w'iki gihe cya kera cy'Abaroma mu gihe cy'abasonderadizi ba kera n'abakomokaho bakomeje ku nyandiko za Plyna Jr., wabaye umuvugizi w'ikigereranyo, umukinyi.
Urupfu
Urupfu rw'umwanditsi w'amateka kamere, abahanga bajyanye no guturika kw'ibirunga bya Vespuviyo ku ya 24 Kanama 79. Muri iki gihe, umugabo yatwaye imirimo ya gisirikare ku mato muri Mesin. Nyuma yo kurimbuka kwa Pompeii na Herculana, Komanda yakiriye ubutumwa bw'inshuti abisaba ubufasha.
Encyclopedist we ubwe yayoboye amato ajya mu nkombe ya Neapolitan yo muri Neapolitan, kugira ngo akize abantu mu karere k'ibirumba by'ibirunga. Iyo ivu n'ivu byatangiraga mu nzira igana mu bwato, Pliny n'amagambo "Amahirwe abone intwari", aho gusubira inyuma, akomeza inzira.
Iyi kipe yageze ku nkombe z'ibiti maze asubira mu bahohotewe. Umuyaga ukomeye wakomeje kwimuka ako kanya, kandi abasare bayobowe na Pole bari bihishe ku nkombe. Igihe ikirere cyabaye cyiza, abayobozi basanze ko komanda wabo adashobora kuzamuka ndetse no gufasha gukabije. Umwanditsi yasigaye mu mujyi aho yapfiriye uburozi kugeza ku bashakanye uburozi.
Indi verisiyo y'urupfu rw'Indege nkuru yasobanuwe na Quinta Beby Macho, inzu y'imiryango y'Abaroma yo mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 2. Ku bwe, icyateye urupfu rw'umwanditsi w'amateka kamere wari amatsiko yoroshye, kubera ko yegera hafi ya Vespusi.
Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, umuhanga mu by'amateka Konway Zirkl, wahamagaye hypothesis yerekeye urupfu rwa Porley Sekuru Kandi ibibazo bishoboka kumutima.
Iburanisha
- "Amateka Kamere"
- "STUGSIOUS"
- "Dubi Sermonis"
- "Kubyerekeye abanyamafarasi bajugunya"
- "Ku buzima bwa Pokponia Seceund"
- "Intambara y'Abadage"
- "AufIdii nziza bassi"