Ubuzima
Hamwe n'izina rya Emil Durkheim, byari bisanzwe ko guhuza ishyirwaho rya sociologiya nka siyansi. Uyu mushakashatsi w'Ubufaransa, ababanjirije isesengura n'imikorere, ubuzima bwatanze ubuzima bwa sosiyete. Iburanisha ryabahanga, ibitekerezo byingenzi bigira ingaruka ku bahagarariye intore z'ubwenge.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Durkheim yavutse ku ya 15 Mata 1858 mu mujyi wa Ernal. Ababyeyi bari bizeraga Abayahudi. Emil yatangiye amasomo ye ku ishuri ryabavuganye, ariko bidatinze yifata icyemezo cyo kureka imigenzo y'umuryango yimukira mu kindi kigo cy'uburezi. Mu myaka yakurikiyeho, umushakashatsi yanze ubuzima bw'amadini.
Nkumunyeshuri w'umunyamwete, umusore, yashoboye kwinjira mu ishuri risanzwe risanzwe kuva ku nshuro ya gatatu gusa. Amasomo, hamwe numusore wize abanyeshuri nyuma babaye abatekereza Igifaransa. Muri bo - Jean Zhores na Henri Bergson.
Mu rubyiruko, Emil yatwarwaga n'inyigisho za Auguste Kont, Herbert Spencer. Muri icyo gihe, ibigo by'uburezi by'Ubufaransa ntabwo byari bifite amasomo yihariye yeguriwe ibibazo bya sosiyete. Kubwibyo, ibitekerezo byabanyeshuri byibanze kuri filozofiya na psychologiya.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Kubyerekeye ubuzima bwihariye muri biografiya yumupira wamarondo azwi gato. Mu 1887, umugabo yashakanye na Louise dreifus. Uwo mwashakanye yahaye umugabo we abana be - umukobwa wa Marie n'umuhungu na.Ibikorwa bya siyansi
Umushakashatsi yashakaga ko sostiologiya ibaye muri rusange ubuso bwigenga bwa siyansi. Dutera imbaraga ibitekerezo, Durkheim yatanze gahunda ye bwite, abifashijwemo yasesenguye uburyo bwimyitwarire rusange.
Nyuma yo guhabwa amashuri makuru no gupfa mu 1917, Emil yakoresheje ibiganiro, yanditse ingingo ku bibazo by'imyitwarire n'imyitwarire, imyitwarire itoroshye ndetse n'ibindi bintu. Kandi, ibyiza byumutekereza byabaye intangiriro yamagambo menshi mubumenyi (urugero, ubwenge rusange).
Kuva mu 1882 kugeza 1885, umugabo uyobowe n'amasomo ayoboye muri filozofiya mu mashuri menshi yo mu ntara. Nyuma, umuhanga yahisemo kwimukira mu Budage, aho yakomezaga kwiga miseline muri kaminuza ya Berlin, Leipzig n'indi mijyi. Hano hashyizweho guhitamo inzira nziza kuri siyanse irwanya uburyo bwa Carsian.
Mu 1886, umushakashatsi yarangije umushinga w'ibanze "ku kugabana imirimo y'imibereho". Ibi bitekerezo byahise bishyirwaho hashingiwe ku nsobanuro ya dogiteri ya Durkheim. Ibyabaye muri kiriya gihe ni ugushinga kwa Repubulika ya gatatu, ubucuruzi bwa drefusi - ahanini yahinduye societe yi Burayi, yatangaga ibintu bitangaje kubushakashatsi.
Mu 1895, Emil yatangaye igitabo "Amategeko y'ubwo buryo bw'umusambanyi", aho yatanze ibivugwa mu bigo bya Leta. Muri uwo mwaka, Umufaransa yabaye uwashinze ishami rya mbere ry'iburayi rya sociologiya, riherereye i Bordeaux. Mu mpera z'imyaka 90, umuhanga yatangiye gutanga ikinyamakuru, cyasohoye ingingo zabanyeshuri, ndetse no gusubiramo Durkheim ku kazi k'Ubudage, Icyongereza n'Umutaliyani.
Mu 1897, bibliografiya bibliografiya yazumijwe n'umurimo mushya "kwiyahura". Muri uyu murimo, emil ugereranije n'imibare yo kwiyahura mu baturage Gatolika na Abaporotesitanti. Indorerezi zagaragaje ko mu bigatolika ijanisha ry'abahisemo kugabanya amanota ubuzima bwabo bwo munsi y'ubunini butari bwo mu baporotisanti. Hashingiwe ku makuru yabonetse, umuhanga mu mibereho yagerageje gusobanura impamvu zingirakamaro mu mibare.
Igitabo cyateje impaka, kunegura kwanditse ko Umufaransa yasobanuye nabi ibice by'ibarurishamibare, yasuzumye kwigaragaza mu mbuga nkoranyambaga, mu gihe iki kintu nigikorwa cyumuntu umwe. Nubwo itandukaniro mubitekerezo ukurikije agaciro k'umurimo, akazi karamenyekana nkimwe mubyitegererezo byambere byubushakashatsi bwimibereho. Byongeye kandi, umwanditsi yagerageje kwerekana itandukaniro muri sociologiya na psychologiya.
Mu bitekerezo binini bya Emil, habaye icyamamare kuri tos, ku byerekeye patologie ikubiyemo ihohoterwa ry'ubumwe bwa societe. Iya mbere muribo - Anomios - yagereranyaga ikibazo cyo kwiyongera kubaturage bigereranyije bigabanuka imikoranire hagati yitsinda ritandukanye. Ibi na byo, byatumye hahinduka impinduka mumyitwarire n'indangagaciro.
Patologiya ya kabiri, kugabana ku gahato imirimo, nk'uko umwanditsi abivuga, yari afitanye isano n'imibanire y'imbaraga - abantu. Imbaraga zidasanzwe, inyota yo gukira kumwanya wumurimo, akenshi uhatira abantu kwishora mubikorwa nkibi bidafite ubushobozi budashoboye. Nkigisubizo, abantu bafite ibibazo, kwiheba, no guharanira imbaga kugirango bahindure sisitemu biganisha ku guhungabanya umutekano wa societe.
Nubwo umuhanga yaretse igitekerezo cy'umuryango, ingingo y'imyizerere yagumye mu ruziga rw'inyungu z'abatekereza. Kuri Durkheim ye yeguriye igitabo "Uburyo bw'ibanze bw'ubuzima bw'amadini." Hagati yakazi ni ukumenya inkomoko mbonezamubano no gukora idini. Umufaransa yari ahangayikishijwe n'imibereho no guhambira imitwe hagati y'imyizerere yimico itandukanye.
Umushakashatsi wo mu madini yahamagaye ikigo cya mbere cy'imibereho yateranije ubundi buryo. Ubwa mbere byari ngombwa nkuburyo butanga imbaraga no kugena abahigi ba mbere nabakusanya. Nyuma yaje kurushaho kuba yarushijeho kumutera kubyara Dichotomy "Berare - Miresso." Igihe kirenze, kwizera kwasunitse siyanse.
Urupfu
Igihe cy'intambara ya mbere y'isi yose yari ikizamini gikomeye ku mugabo. Kuba uhagarariye ibitekerezo by'ibumoso, ndetse no kugira inkomoko y'Abayahudi, umuhanga yagize "munsi y'imbunda iburyo. Byongeye kandi, bamwe mu banyeshuri ba Durkheim bapfuye bazize ubutwari mu gihe cy'abami.Umuhungu w'umuhungu wa Emil nare yakorewe intambara. Nyuma yo kubura umuragwa, umuhuza mbosiologue yinjiye mu bwihebe. Ugushyingo 1917, uwatekerezaga ntiyabaye. Impamvu y'urupfu yabaye ubwonko. Filozofiya yashyinguwe i Paris, mu irimbi rya Montparnasse. Ku rubuno rwe uyu munsi uzane indabyo, wibuka umusanzu kuri sociologiya.
Bibliografiya
- 1889 - "Ibintu bya Sociology"
- 1893 - "Kugabana imirimo y'imibereho"
- 1895 - "Amategeko yuburyo bwa sociologi"
- 1897 - "Kwiyahura"
- 1912 - "Uburyo bubanza bwo kubaho mu idini: Sisitemu yo muri Ositaraliya"
- 1922 - "Uburezi n'Umusezo"
- 1924 - "Imibereho na filozofiya"
- 1938 - "Ubwihindurize bwa Pedagogy mu Bufaransa"