Euclide - biografiya, amafoto, ubuzima bwite no kuvumbura: algorithm na node

Ubuzima

Umugereki watsindiye Ikigereki yatsindiye Umubare wa mbere wo mu mashuri ya Alegizandiriya n'umwanditsi umwe mu gitabo cya kera cy'imibare. Kubijyanye noography yuyu mubumenyi azwi cyane munsi yimirimo ye. Rero, mu murimo uzwi cyane wa Euclium wagaragaje steroometer, plantetry, ibintu bigize inyigisho z'umubare, byashyizeho ishingiro ry'iterambere ryakurikiyeho.

Ubuzima bwa Euclida bivugwa ko byatangiye mu 325 BC (iyi ni itariki yagereranijwe, umwaka nyawo wavutse utazwi) muri Alegizandiriya. Abashakashatsi bamwe bavuga ko imibare iri imbere yavukiye mu gihome, kandi yamaze ubuzima bukuru bwabakuze i Damasiko. Birashoboka ko Euclidean yavuye mu muryango ukize, ubwo yigaga ku ishuri rya Ateni ya Mathen (icyo gihe amashuri nkaya yari ahari gusa ku baturage bakize).

Abahanga mu bya siyansi bashoboye kumenya ko umwanditsi "yatangiye" yari muto ku bayoboke ba Platon, wabayeho kandi akora mu kinyejana cya 347 bc, ariko akiza mu mwaka wa 347 kugeza ku ya 287 kandi apfuye mu 212 kugeza ibihe byacu. Euclid yahawe mu gitekerezo cya filozofiya ya Platon kandi isangiye ingingo z'ingenzi.

Amakuru yavuzwe haruguru yerekeye imiterere ninzira yubuzima ya Euclida yashizwe nabashakashatsi baturutse kubitekerezo, byanditswe na we mu gitabo cya mbere "Intangiriro". Bizwi kandi kubyavuzwe mumuhanda na Papp ijyanye na kamere yumugereki utekereza Ikigereki. Abanya Euclide yategetse ko havugwa ko asubiza ikibazo cy'umunyeshuri ku nyungu kuri siyansi, yategetse umucakara kumuha ibiceri bike. Papa yavuze kandi ko umuhanga yari azi kugira neza no koroshya umuntu uwo ari we wese washoboraga kugirira akamaro iterambere ry'ubumenyi bw'imibare.

Inyigisho zabitswe kuri Euclidean ni nto cyane kandi zitemeke kuri verisiyo ya "euclide" yose y'abahanga mu matsinda y'abahanga muri Alegizandiriya ya kera. Euclida Alegizandiri yatungiye na filozofiya y'Abagereki arara muri Megar, umunyeshuri wa Socrate, wabaga mu kinyejana cya 400 mbere ya Yesu. Mu gihe cyo hagati, Euclida ukomoka muri Megar ndetse yamenyesheje umwanditsi "atangira".

Imibare

Igice kinini cy'ubworozi bw'igihe cy'ubwisanzu bwabereye mu isomero rya Alegizandiriya - urusengero rw'ubumenyi, rushingiye kuri Ptolém. Mu rukuta rw'iki kigo, Umuhanga mu bya siyansi ya kera y'Umugereki yagize uruhare mu ishyirahamwe ry'amategeko arema, amahame ya geometrike hamwe ninyigisho yumubare udashyira mu gaciro muri geometrie. Ibisubizo by'imirimo yabo yasobanuwe mu gitabo "Intangiriro" - inyandiko, yazanye umusanzu mwiza mu iterambere ry'imibare.

Igitabo kigizwe nubunini cumi na bitanu:

• Mu gitabo I, umwanditsi avuga kubintu bibangikanye na mpandeshatu, byarangije gusaba gukoresha Theoorem mugihe cyo kubara ibipimo byurukirambe.
• Igitabo kuri numero II gisobanura amahame nubushusho bwa geometric algebra asubira mumizigo yubumenyi yegeranijwe na pythagons.
• Mu bitabo III na IV, Euclidean ibona ko geometrie y'inziga, yasobanuwe kandi yanditswe polygon. Mugihe cyo kurema iyi mirongo, umwanditsi yashoboraga gukoreshwa mugukoresha imirimo ya hippocrat ya chios.
• Mu gitabo cya V, umuhanga mu mibare ya kera y'Abagereki yatekereje ku nyigisho rusange y'igihugu yateguwe n'ibitabo bya Ebdox.
• Mu bikoresho bya VI igitabo, umwanditsi ahuza ibitekerezo rusange byagereranijwe bya euddox kubitabo byibitabo byimibare nkiyi.
• Ibitabo munsi yumubare wa VII-ix Sobanura inyigisho yumubare. Iyo wanditse ubwo buryo, imibare yongeye guhindukirira ibikoresho byakozwe kandi yakusanyijwe na Pythapoans - abahagarariye imyitozo, aho uruhare rwibanze rufata umubare. Muri ibyo bikorwa, umwanditsi avuga iterambere rya geometrike, yerekana ko imibare yibanze, yiga nimero nziza, itangiza igitekerezo cya Node (igice kinini). Algorithm yo gushaka itandukaniro nkiyi yitwa Euclide algorithm. Hariho igitekerezo cy'uko igitabo cya VIII kitanditswe na Euclidea ubwe, ariko ubwubatsi bwa Tartan.

• Tom kumubare x nigikorwa kitoroshye kandi kibakikije muri "cyatangiye", gikubiyemo ibyiciro byubusa. Kwandika iki gitabo nacyo ni ubwoko bwa bitazwi: byashoboraga gucyakwa haba muri Euclidean ubwe na teette ya Atenayi.
• Ku rupapuro rw'igitabo cya Xi, ibiganiro by'imibare bivuga ku shingiro rya sterometry.
• Igitabo XII gikubiyemo ibimenyetso bya Theorem ku bwinshi bwa Cones na Pyramide, umubano w'akarere kazenguruka. Kubaka ibyo bimenyetso, koresha uburyo bwo kunanirwa. Abashakashatsi benshi bemeza ko iki gitabo cyanditse kandi ntabwo cyanditse euclide. Umwanditsi ushobora kuba igitabo cya Evdox.

• Ibikoresho byo mu gitabo cya XIII kirimo amakuru mu kubaka polyhedra eshanu akoma ("imibiri ya platonike"). Igice runaka cyo kubaka cyatanzwe mu gitabo gishobora guteza imbere Atenayi.
• Ibitabo XIV na XV, ukurikije igitekerezo cyemewe muri rusange, nazo ni ubw'abandi banditsi. Igitabo cyambukiranya, cyatangiye "cyanditse" cyanditse umusinzi (nacyo cyabaga muri Alegizandiriya, ariko nyuma ya Ephia Mile. Sofiya Mileptsky (yubatswe itorero rya St. Sophia muri Conphia (yubatswe Itorero rya Mutagatifu mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya gatandatu kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya gatandatu kugeza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya gatandatu.

Mbere yuko "gutangira", euclidean ikorana n'izina rimwe, ishingiro ryacyo ryerekana ibintu by'ingenzi byerekana ibintu byingenzi bya interetique na geometrique, fendete. Bose babuze muri bose nyuma yo kugaragara muri euclid.

Mu myaka ibihumbi bibiri, imibumbe 15 "yatangiye" gukora nk'igitabo cy'ibanze kuri geometrie. Akazi kahinduwe mucyarabu, hanyuma mucyongereza. "Guhera" gutuza inshuro amagana, kandi imibare y'ibanze yasobanuwe muri zo gukomeza kuba ingirakamaro kuri uyu munsi.

Igice cyingenzi cyibikoresho umwanditsi yarimo umurimo ntabwo avumburwa, kandi ibitekerezo bizwi mbere. Intangiriro yimirimo ya euclid kwari ugutunganya ibikoresho, gahunda yayo namakuru ya data yatatanye hamwe. Ibitabo bimwe, euclid yatangiye urutonde rwibisobanuro, mugitabo cya mbere hari nacyo urutonde rwa axioms na posita.

Amaposita ya Euclide yagabanijwemo amatsinda abiri: Ibitekerezo rusange birimo muri rusange ibyakozwe na siyansi, na geometrike axioms. Rero, mu itsinda rya mbere hariho ayo magambo:

"Niba ingano zombi zingana n'iya gatatu, noneho barangana." "Byose birenze umubare wibice".

Mu itsinda rya kabiri, urugero, imvugo ikurikira:

"Kuva aho ariho hose kugeza aho ushobora kumarana." "Inguni zose zirakwiranye."

"Guhera" ntabwo ari igitabo cyonyine cyanditswe na euclide. Yanditse kandi imirimo itari mike kuri catoptric (inganda nshya za optics, ahantu hanini wasabye imihango y'imibare y'indorerwamo). Imirimo myinshi, umuhanga yahariwe kwiga ibice byugarije. Imibare nayo yateje imbere ibitekerezo na hypothese ijyanye ninzira nyabagendwa yumubiri namategeko yubukanishi. Yabaye umwanditsi wibikoresho byingenzi bikora geometrie - ibyo bita "euclidean nyungu". Byinshi mubikorwa byuyu mukinnyi wa kera w'Abagereki ntiwagezeho uyu munsi.

Filozofiya

Mu bihe bya kera, filozofiya yuzuyemo izindi nganda nyinshi z'ubumenyi bwa siyansi. Rero, geometrie, astronomie, imibare, imibare yafatwaga nkubumenyi bwimibare, imyumvire ikenewe kugirango yiga filozofiya. Euclid yateje imbere inyigisho za platon yerekeye ibintu bine bitangwa hakurikijwe ane iburyo bwa polyhedra:

• Ikintu cyumuriro kivuga tetrahedron;
• ikintu cy'indege gihuye na octahedron;
• Element isi ifitanye isano na cube;
• Ibintu by'amazi bifitanye isano na Ikosahedr.

Ni muri urwo rwego, "intangiriro" zirashobora gufatwa nkubwoko bwinyigisho zo kubaka "imibiri ya Platonike", ni ukuvuga, polyheberus eshanu. Kwigisha birimo ibisabwa byose bikenewe, ibimenyetso n'amagambo. Icyemezo cyibishoboka byo kubaka imibiri irangiye yemeza ko ntayindi mibiri ikwiye, usibye amakuru ya batanu, ntabwo ariho.

Hafi ya byose bya euclide muri "intangiriro" bihuye nibipimo byerekana imyitozo kubimenyetso bya Aristote. Noneho, umwanditsi akuraho ingaruka kubitekerezo, bigize urunigi rwibimenyetso byumvikana. Muri icyo gihe, ahamya uruhushya rusange, nayo ihuye n'inyigisho za Aristote.

Ubuzima Bwihariye

Gusa amakuru amwe yerekeye umurimo wa Euclidean muri siyanse yatugezeho, hafi ntakintu kizwi mubuzima bwe bwite. Hariho umugani w'uko umwami wa Ptolémée, wahisemo kwiga Geometrie, yararakaye cyane. Hanyuma ahindukirira indabyo, amusaba kwerekana inzira yo kumenya ko uwunabanye yashubije ati: "Nta nzira y'umwami igana muri Geometrie." Imvugo nyuma yabaye amababa.

Hariho ibimenyetso byerekana ko munsi y'amaraso ya Alegizandiriya, uyu muhanga mu bya siyansi ya kera y'Abagereki yashinze ishuri ryigenga. Muri yo yize abakunzi ba siyanse, kimwe na EUCLIDEA ubwe. Ndetse no ku bw'itegeko rye, euclid yafashije abanyeshuri kwandika imirimo, kurema ibitekerezo byabo no guteza imbere ibimenyetso bifatika.

Nta makuru yukuri yo kugaragara k'umuhanga. Amashusho ye n'ibishusho bye ni imbuto zibitekerezo byabaremye, zahimbye ishusho zanduza ibisekuruza.

Urupfu

Birashoboka, euclid yapfuye mumyaka 260 kugeza ibihe byacu. Impamvu nyazo y'urupfu ntabwo zizwi. Umurage w'umuhanga wamurokotse imyaka ibiri kandi ushishikarize abantu benshi bakomeye bitangiye ikinyejana nyuma y'urupfu rwe.

Byemezwa ko umunyapolitiki abrencoln yakundaga kuvuga ibyavuzwe na Euclidea mu magambo ye kandi afite Umubumbe mwinshi "byatangiye".

Abahanga mu myaka yakurikiyeho bashingiye ku mirimo ya euclide. Rero, imibare yuburusiya nikolai lobachevy yakoresheje ibikoresho byumukino wa kera w'Abagereki watekerezaga hyperbolic geometrie ya hyperbolic, cyangwa lobachevsky geometrie. Imiterere yimibare, yakozwe na euclide, ubu izwi nka "euclidean geometrie". Umuhanga kandi yaremye igikoresho cyo kumenya uburebure bwimigozi yijwi kandi yiga umubano wamahanga, atanga umusanzu mubiremwa bya marical ya muzika.

Bibliografiya

• "Intangiriro"
• "Data"
• "Ku gice"
• "Phenomena"
• "Optics"
• "Parism"
• "Ibice bifitanye isano"
• "Ahantu ho hejuru"
• "PSEUDARIYA"
• "Catoptric"
• "Kugabanya Umuyoboro"