Ubuzima
Ku bijyanye n'abanditsi bafite imiterere - ababonye isi kandi bahuye nabyo ku banditsi b'abanyamahanga nka Erney Hamingway, Jack London, Reddiard Kiplider na Henry Raider Haggard. Ariko bake bibuka umwanditsi w'Uburusiya, umwarimu n'umugenzi-umugenzi Boris Stepanovich Zhitkov, mugenzi we muri Peru Vitaly Valembus.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Boris yavutse ku ya 30 Kanama 1882. Byabereye mu mujyi wa veliky Novgorod. Umuhungu aba umwana wa kabiri mu muryango - uwambere yari umukobwa wa Vera. Padiri Boris - Steptan Vasilyevich - yari umwarimu mu kigo cyatanzwe na Novgorod. Dukurikije igitabo cya Stepan Vasilyevich, ibisekuru byinshi by'abana bize amakarike, Algebra na geometrie. Nyina w'umuhungu - Tatyana Pavlovna - yari umugani uzwi cyane, umunyeshuri w'Uburusiya Umunyamakuru Anton Grigorievich Rubintein.
Kubera imizi y'Abayahudi inyuma ya Stepan Vasilyevich, abantu bo mu nzego za Leta zabonye byimazeyo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, nyuma yo kuvuka k'umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza, amakimbirane, Stepa Dasilyevich, yahisemo kujyana umuryango ahandi hantu hagati y'ahandi hantu muri Alliniya n'umubare wa politiki mukuru n'umubare wa politiki. Kugendera ku mwaka mu Burusiya, ariko ntahantu na n'ubu gafata, abaturage be bakuru bazajyana umuryango muri Odessa, aho murumuna we na mushiki we babayeho muri kiriya gihe.
Muri Odessa Stepan Vasilyevich anyuzwe numucungamari-umucungamari kuri Paraga, na Tatyana Pavlovna aba umurezi wigenga kumukino wa clavier. Gushima kwambere kwizera kwambere no kuririe tugera murugo, na nyuma yo kugera kuri siporo No 5. Muri iki kigo cy'uburezi no kumenya Zhitkov-jr. Hamwe n'umwanditsi w'ejo hazaza hamwe n'Umusemuzi Kordini Chikovsky, ndetse na Vladimir Evgenievich Zhabotinsky - uwashinze Legio y'Abayahudi.
Mu 1901, Boris arangiza siporo yinjira muri kaminuza ya Imperial Novoleays yo muri Minisiteri y'Ubumenyi Kamere. Nkumunyeshuri muri kaminuza, yemerera kubanza gukunda umukino kuri violon, ariko nyuma yiyemeje kubyungurana mu gufotora (Kubwamahirwe, ntabwo ifoto imwe ya Zhitkov yarinzwe). Ntiwibagirwe umusore no mu iterambere ry'umubiri - usanzwe mu mwaka wa gatatu wigarurira ibihembo mu marushanwa yo gufata.
Imiterere ya hy prective hamwe nukuri mubyerekejejwe na Boris kubera ko mu mpinduramatwara y'Uburusiya yo mu 1905, abaturage bafasha kwambuka intwaro kubasare bahisemo guteganya imvuka. Mu 1906, Boris yakiriye impamyabumenyi ya kaminuza. Kubera umwanya udahungabana mugihugu, igihe kirekire ntigishobora kubona akazi. Kubera inama, ku nama yinshuti yahisemo kuba umusare. Nyuma yimbere mu nyanja, umusore atanga ibizamini kuri navigator. Mu ruhare rwa Navigator yo mu nyanja igenda ituma muri Turukiya no muri Bulugariya.
Ubuvanganzo
Mubitabo, Boris Zhitkov yaje gutinda. Ku rundi ruhande, ni umuyaga we kandi w'ibyabaye nibintu byabaye byahindutse ishingiro ryimirimo myinshi yumwanditsi. Byongeye kandi, umwanditsi yatsindiye ikarita kandi asanzwe yanditse ibaruwa ye kavukire, bityo yuzuza ikiganza mu bukorikori. Mu 1909, biba umukapiteni wubwato bwubushakashatsi wagize uruhare muri icithiologiya kuri Yenisei.
Bagarutse bava mu rugendo, Boris ashyikiriza inyandiko za St. Pelyburg Polytechnic ya Petero Great Ishami ry'ubwato. Mu 1910, ijya muri Danimarika kurenga abakora imyitozo hamwe nuwabikoze. Mu 1912, ijya mu rugendo rwa mbere rw'isi. Mu gihe cya Arumeniya, Abenshi muri Boris bashimishijwe n'ibihugu bya Aziya - Ubuhinde, Ubuyapani n'Ubushinwa. Mu 1916 hashoje kaminuza mu bwishyu bwa injeniyeri wubwato.
Mugihe cyo kurekurwa muri kaminuza ya Polytechnic ya Elltechnic yamaze gutangwa muri Marine. Mu 1916, Boris yakiraga ipeti ryo gutegeka igice cy'indege, kandi nyuma y'umwaka, Jogbook kuri Admiralty. Mu 1917, gukunda serivisi hanyuma ujye ku kazi mu bwishure mu cyambu cya Odessa, aho yakoraga kugeza mu 1924. Uyu mwaka, yemerera kwimukira i Petrograpp.
Kubwibyo hariho impamvu ebyiri: Icyambere, Boris yari arambiwe kwicara ahantu hamwe - "Icyari" cyateye ubwacyo, icya kabiri, yemerera "inyanja mbi" yerekana kwifatira mu gicapo. Ibiro by'Amabwiriza byashimye umurimo, kandi biratangatanga muri uwo mwaka. Kuva mu 1925, abaturage banyuzwe n'umwarimu ku ishuri ryaho, kandi amara igihe cye cyose cyuzuye cyo kwandika akazi. Dukurikije ibigereranyo bya birwafers bya boris, banditse inyandiko 74, 59 n'inkuru, ibitabo 7 n'ingingo 14.
Boris Stepanovich yamenyekanye cyane cyane nkumwanditsi wabana. Byari ku bana yandika imirimo ye myinshi - by'umwihariko, ibyegeranyo "ibyo nabonye", "ibyabaye" n "" inkuru z'inyamaswa ". Ikusanyirizo ry'inkuru z'inyamaswa, zasohotse mu 1935, zirimo inkuru zishingiye ku bitekerezo bye kuva mu ruzinduko mu Buhinde, "injangwe yinzoka", "ibyerekeye inkende", "yerekeye inzoka na Mongoose, "Gaka" na "Impyisi".
Ariko, umurimo wemerera gushira hejuru yakazi ke ni igitabo "Viktor Vavich", cyeguriwe ibyabaye mu 1905. Kuva kera, akazi ntirwatangajwe kuko byari bibujijwe. Verisiyo idafite fagitire yasohowe gusa mu 1999, tubikesha umukobwa wa Kornea Chikovsky, Lidiya, wavumbuye intoki mu bubiko bwa se.
Birakwiye ko tumenya ko benshi mu gitabo "Viktor Vovich" bari bafite ishyaka. Ku mubare w'abafite akazi wagombaga gukora, wari umwanditsi boris Paspaki, uwatanze TV ya avDota Smirnova na Umugaragaro Dmitry Tmitry bykov. Abakenguzamateka bavuze ko iyo bitaba mu rwego rwo kugenzura, "Viktor Vaserping," Viktor Van "hagati ya" Tikhim Don "na" Dr. Zhivago ". Mu 1988, igihe isabukuru yimyaka mirongo itanu yizihije kuva urupfu rw'umwanditsi, inama ya mbere y'inyandiko ze zasohotse.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Kubyerekeye ubuzima bwihariye bwa Zhitkov izi bike. Imibereho idasanzwe ntiyigeze yemerera umwanditsi gutangiza umuryango usanzwe, bityo iminsi ye irangiye, yabayeho ishyingiranwa rya Mikhailovna Arnold (1896-1988), umukobwa wumuyobozi wishuri rya Belogodsky na Soviet ibishishwa.
Nta bana bakomoka ku bashakanye, ariko Boris yari afite mwishywa wa Aleka - umuhungu wa mukuru wawe. Caly niwe wabaye prototype yimiterere yinkuru ziva mukusanyamakuru "ibyo nabonye". Ariko, hari ibimenyetso byerekana ko Zhivkov afite abana benshi kuva kuri Felitzat runaka Fedorovna Guseva - Umuhungu Nikolay numukobwa wa Felicat. Byibuze, shimangira cyane itangazamakuru.
Urupfu
Tugarutse mu 1937, Boris Stepanovich yumvaga ibihangano. Ku nama z'inshuti yahisemo kugerageza inzara ry'ubuvuzi, ariko yarushijeho kuba yarakozwe umwanya we. Igitabo cyitwa Sunk watowe ko ari "Encyclopedia kubenegihugu b'imyaka ine" ubwenge "bw'abaturage bane", umwanditsi yarangiye, asanzwe ategeka umugore we. Iki gitabo cya nyuma cyasohotse munsi yizina "ibyo nabonye."
Ikindi gitabo cyanjye - "Ubufasha buragenda" - bweguriwe tekinike ikora ku nyungu z'abantu, umwanditsi ntiyabonye umwanya wo kurangiza. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, nyuma yaje gutangaza nyuma yaje kwitwa "inkuru zerekeye ikoranabuhanga". Boris Stepanovich yapfuye ku ya 19 Kanama 1938. Yashyinguwe i Moscou, ku mugambi wa gatandatu w'irimbi ya Vagankov.
Ukurikije imirimo ye, ikarito ya "buto n'abagabo" yakuweho (inkuru "Nigute nafashe abantu bato"), "Kuki inzovu ziba?" (Ukurikije inkuru "yerekeye inzovu"), "popding", kimwe na firime "inkuru zo mu nyanja" n '"umuyaga kuri sudche". Ibintu bizima bya Zhitkov byakoreshejwe mu bisigo bya Samuel Marshak "(1927) na" Ibaruwa ya Gisirikare "(1943), reba hirya no hino" (1984).
Amagambo Boris Zhitkov
- "Ntibishoboka ko bigoye kwiga: Birakenewe kwiga kwishima, guhinda umushyitsi no gutsinda."
- "Ibi ni bibi kurusha bose - ipantaro nshya. Ntukajye, kandi wambare ipantaro: Reba igihe cyose, kugirango kidasinze cyangwa ikindi gihe. Izina ryo gukina - ubwoba. Kuva munzu ugiye - kubivuga! Kandi undi mubyeyi arasohoka avuza induru ku ngazi zose: "Tuzavunika - ntutaha mu rugo!" Isoni. Nibyo, ntukeneye izi pantaro yawe! Kubera bo, hano hari ibishoboka byose. "
- "Yagiye mu mujyi: yiruka, abantu barahinda umushyitsi, abantu bose barataka, barataka, barajugunywa, nkaho umuriro wo mu mujyi wakandagiwe. Abagereki bose ni abantu basuzugura. Abanyaturukiya bicaye mu gicucu. Umwotsi wa Hookah, kandi ninde na straw - utegereje ibyabaye. "
- "Noneho rero injangwe ziva mu mujyi zimaze kwimuka."
Bibliografiya
- 1924 - "Inyanja mbi"
- 1925 - "Inkuru zo mu nyanja"
- 1931 - "Ikimenyetso cyamabuye"
- 1935 - "Inkuru zinyamanswa"
- 1939 - "Ibyo nabonye"
- 1940 - "Inkuru"
- 1941 - "Viktor Vavich"
- 1942 - "Inkuru zerekeye ikoranabuhanga"