Ubuzima
Mikhail Saltykov-ShchecherRin ni umwanditsi uzwi cyane w'Uburusiya, umunyamakuru, umwanditsi, umuyobozi wa Leta. Ibikorwa bye bikubiye muri gahunda yishuri riteganijwe. Umugani wumwanditsi ntabwo ari ubusa, barabihamagarwa - ntabwo ari abatwara gusa na groteque, bityo bashimangira ko umuntu ari ugusohora ibyayo.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Ubuhanga bwo mu Burusiya bwo mu muryango w'icyubahiro. Se Evgraf Vasilyevich yari kimwe cya kane cy'ikinyejana gikuze kuruta abo bashakanye Oga Mikhailavna. Umukobwa wa Moscou umucuruzi wa Moscou yashakanye n'imyaka 15 arasigara umugabo we mu mudugudu wa Spas-mfuruka, icyo gihe yari iherereye mu Ntara ya Tver. Ngaho, 15 Mutarama 1826, umuhererezi w'abana batandatu wavutse ku buryo bushya - Mikhail. Muri rusange, hari abahungu batatu n'abakobwa batatu mu muryango wa Saltykovy (SchecherRin - igice cyahiye amaherezo) n'abakobwa batatu.
Dukurikije ibisobanuro by'abashakashatsi bari mu bizima by'umwanditsi, nyina, igihe, isambu y'umuryango wavuye mu mukobwa ushimishije muri nyirabuja w'inyamanswa. Misha nkeya yari akikijwe nurukundo, ariko rimwe na rimwe yagwaga mu rugomo. Mu rugo yahoraga arira no kurira. Nkuko Vladimir Obolensky yanditse mu muryango w'imiryango ya Saltykov-shcherrin, yigeze avuga ko yangaga "uyu mugore uteye ubwoba," uganisha kuri nyina.
Salykov yari azi indimi z'Abafaransa n'iz'Abadage, yakiriye amashuri ya mbere yo mu rugo, yemerewe kwinjira mu kigo cya Moscou. Kuva aho, umuhungu, wagaragaje imanza zidahari, yaje ku mutekano wuzuye wa Tarskoye ya Tsarsko, mu gihe uburezi buhwanye na kaminuza yari ahwanye na kaminuza, kandi abahawe impamyabumenyi bashinzwe gushyikirizwa ameza.
Ibigo byombi by'amashuri byari bizwiho kubyara intore za societe y'Uburusiya. Mu banyeshuri barangije - Alexander Fushkin, Umuganwa Mikhail Obolensky, Wilhelm Kühehelbecker, Anton Delvig, Ivan Pushchin. Ariko, bitandukanye na bo, salreskov kuva kumuhungu mwiza wubwenge yahindutse imvugo idahwitse, ikunze kwicara i Karzer, umuhungu, atigeze agaragara inshuti magara. Kubwamahirwe yibimenyetso bya Mikhail bitwaje "lyceum ya Dusk."
Ikirere mu rukuta rw'Ikinyamisomo cyagize uruhare mu kazi, na Mikhail mu kwigana ababanjirije batangiye kwandika ibisigo by'ibirindisha. Imyitwarire nk'iyi ntabwo isigaraga itamenyekanye: Abahawe impamyabumenyi ya Liceum Mikhail Salykov yakiriye uwo rwego rw'umunyamabanga wa kaminuza, nubwo yari afite umujyanama wa mbere mu nyigisho ze mu masomo ye.
Imirasire y'impera, Mikhail yatuye kugira ngo ikore mu biro by'Imirimo ya Gisirikare ikomeza guhimba. Byongeye kandi, bishimishwa n'imirimo y'abasosiyalisiti b'Abafaransa. Insanganyamatsiko zavuzwe n'ubugizi bwa mpinduramatwara zagaragaye mu "bucuruzi bwa mbere" n '"kwivuguruza".
Nibyo hamwe nisoko yo gutangaza, umwanditsi utangira ntabwo yatekereje. Iki kinyamakuru "Inyandikorurwacyuho" Muri icyo gihe cyari kigenzurwa na politiki mu buryo bunyuranyije n'amategeko, byatekerejweho.
Mu cyemezo cya komisiyo ishinzwe kugenzura, Saltykov yoherejwe mu kigo cya Vyatka, ku biro bya guverineri. Mu nzego, usibye imirimo yemewe, Mikhail yize amateka y'igihugu, yahinduye ibihimbano by'abakera b'Abanyaburayi, yagiye byinshi maze avugana n'abantu. Salykov yenda kuba yarakomeje gucyasirwa mu ntara, kabone niyo yaba yageze ku bajyanama ku itegeko ry'intara: mu 1855 Alexander II yambitswe ikamba ry'intebe y'ibwami, kandi ibishoboka byose byibagirwa gusa.
Peter Lanskaya yaje gutabara, uhagarariye umunyacyubahiro mwiza, umugabo wa kabiri natalia fushkin. Abifashijwemo na murumuna we, Minisitiri w'imbere, Mikhail yasubijwe muri St. Petersburg akaba aha umwanya w'amabwiriza yihariye muri iri shami.
Ubuvanganzo
Mikhail evgrafovich ifatwa nkimwe mu barwayi bakomeye mu bitabo by'ubuvanganzo bw'Abarusiya, bufite ubuhanga bwo mu rurimi rwa Esopov, ibitabo n'inkuru zidatakaye. Ku bahanga mu by'amateka, umurimo wa Saltykov-Shchecherrin ni isoko y'ubumenyi bw'imyitwarire n'imigenzo isanzwe mu Bwami bwa 19 Burusiya. Peru y'umwanditsi ni ayo mahwa nk "kwiba", "byoroshye-uburebure" n "" ibiryo ".
Amaze gusubira muri salle Saltykov, uburambe bwo gushyikirana n'abayobozi b'ikibanyi cy'Uburusiya bwakozwe na Nikolai Shhedrion na Nikolai Shhedrion na Nikolai Shhedrion na Nikolai Shhedrin yatangaje uruziga rw'intara, imyidagaduro y'ubwoko buranga abaturage bo mu Burusiya. Inyandiko zategereje intsinzi ikomeye, nyuma yizina ryumwanditsi, nyuma yandika ibitabo byinshi, mbere ya byose bizaba bifitanye isano n '"inyandiko", abashakashatsi bo mu guhanga ubwanditsi bazabahamagara ikimenyetso mu iterambere ry'iterambere ry'ubuvanganzo .
Mu nkuru hamwe nubushyuhe bwuzuye, abantu boroheje-abakozi bakomeye barasobanuwe. Kurema amashusho y'abanyacyubahiro n'abayobozi, Mikhail evgrafovich yayoboye gusa ku rufatiro rwa serfdom, ahubwo yibanze ku rufatiro rw'umuco rw'abahagarariye umutungo wo hejuru ndetse n'imyitwarire myiza y'ubuvuzi.
Hejuru yo guhanga destaik yikirusiya ifatwa nk "amateka yumujyi umwe". Inkuru ya Satyric, yuzuye inzego na groteque, mugihe gito ntibihita bashima. Byongeye kandi, umwanditsi aregwa bwa mbere ko asebya umuryango no kugerageza gushinja amateka amateka.
Mu ntwari nyamukuru, abafite umujyi bagaragaza palette nziza yinyuguti ndetse na rubanda rusange - ruswa, batitaye ku bapfu batumvikana, abipfu. Abantu boroheje bakora nk'ukumvira bahumye, biteguye gutuma abantu bose batondeka imbaga ya gray misa, ikora itanze ubukana, iba ku nkombe y'urupfu.
Gusezera nka Cogodesice Salttkov-Shchecherrin yashinyagurira muri "pisur promoludrome". Akazi, nubwo uvugwa ko ari umugani, ntabwo yandikiwe abana. Filozofiya yogejwe ninkuru yerekeye amafi, yemejwe n'imico y'abantu, yanzuye ko kubaho kwe honyine, gufungwa gusa ku mibereho ye, ntibyari bikabije.
Undi mugani w'abantu bakuru ni "nyir'ubutaka bwo mu gasozi", umurimo uzima kandi wishimye ufite igitero cya Zinizismes cyoroheje, aho abantu boroheje barwanya kumuyobozi.
Imirimo yubuvanganzo ya Saltykov-SchachecherRin yakiriye ikibanza cyinyongera mugihe ibyiciro byatangiraga gukora mubiro bya EWITORY byibinyamakuru Patriotic. Kuva mu 1868, imicungire rusange yigitabo yari iywo musizi numuvugizi Nikolai Nekrasov.
Ku butumire ku giti cye bwa Mikhail Evrogramovich yayoboye Ishami rya mbere rishora mu gitabo cy'ibihimbano kandi gihindurwa. Igice kinini cyimyumvire yacyo saltykov-shchecher nayo yasohotse kumpapuro "zivugwa".
Muri bo - "Ubuhungiro bwa MonreP", nk'uko byakurikiranye ubuzima bw'ubuvanganzo bw'umwanditsi wabaye Visi-Protersburg "- igitabo kivuga ku badiventiste bidahinduwe mu Burusiya, "Pompadura na Pompadurshi", "amabaruwa yo mu Ntara."
Mu 1880, igitabo cyihariye cyasohoye ubwoko bwa Epoch-Ubudozi "nyagasani Golovvy" - Niyihe ntego ishingiye ku mibereho ya nyina, mu gihe, abana bahindutse umutwaro wa nyina, muri rusange, umuryango, umuryango, umuryango Ntuho ku mategeko y'Imana kandi ntukabone imvange yimuka kwiyahura.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
Numugore we Elizabeth, Mikhail Salykov yateraniye muri Vyatka. Umukobwa yaje kuba umukobwa w'umukuru utaziguye w'umwanditsi, Visi-Guverineri Apollo Petrovich Bottin. Uyu muyobozi yakoze umwuga mu rwego rw'uburezi, ubukungu, igisirikare n'umupolisi. Ubwa mbere, umugaragu w'inararibonye yatinyaga ko yakonje, ariko nyuma y'igihe, abo bagabo babaye inshuti.
Mu muryango wa Lisa witwa Betsy, umukobwa yise umwanditsi, wari urengeje imyaka 14, Michel. Icyakora, bidatinze, inkombe yimuriwe muri Vladimir mu murimo, maze umuryango uva inyuma. Salykov yabujijwe kuva ku ntara ya Vyatka. Ariko, ukurikije umugani, yamennye kabiri kubuzwa kureba umukundwa.
Yatahuye neza kurongora hamwe na Elizabeth Nyiri muto wa Apollonna, ntabwo ari umugeni muto gusa, bityo ukarya umuhungu ntashikamye. Itandukaniro mu myaka ryateye gushidikanya kuri Visi-Guverineri wa Vladimir. Mikhail yemeye gutegereza umwaka umwe.
Urubyiruko rwashyingiwe muri Kamena 1856, nyina w'umukwe ku bukwe ntibwaje. Umubano mu muryango mushya wari utoroshye, abashakanye bakunze gutongana, itandukaniro ryinyuguti ryagize ingaruka: Mikhail - Igororotse, yakenyeye vuba, atinya inzu ye. Elizabeti, ku rukuta, yoroshye kandi yihangana, ntabwo aremerewe n'ubumenyi bwa siyansi. Salykov ntabwo yakunze chimie na coetry y'umugore we, yise ibitekerezo by'uwo mwashakanye "ntibisaba cyane."
Nk'uko, abivuga ku gikomangoma vladimir, Elizabeth Apolloovna mu kiganiro yafashe ibiti bitinda, byatanze ibitekerezo bidafitanye isano nacyo. Ubupfumu budashimishije umugore yashyize umuvugizi mu mpera yapfuye arakaye Mikhail evgrafovich.
Elizabeth yakundaga ubuzima bwe bwiza kandi asaba ibintu bikwiye. Muri ibyo, umugabo wakoze imbere y'umutwe wa Visi-Guverineri, yashoboraga gutanga umusanzu, ariko yahoraga yimura ideni maze yita kubona umutungo n'ibikorwa bitari galberry. Duhereye ku mirimo ya Saltykov-shrecherrin n'ubushakashatsi bw'ubuzima bw'umwanditsi, birazwi ko yakinnye kuri piyano, asenywa muri visono, asenywa muri visono, asenywa muri visono, asenywa muri visono, asenywa muri visono, asenywa muri visono, asenywa muri visono, asenywa muri visono, asenywa muri visono, asenywa muri visono, asenya viano, akumva impuguke ku magambo adasanzwe.
Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, Elizabeti na Mikhail babanaga ubuzima bwe bwose. Umugore yasubije imirimo y'umugabo we, yahindutse nyirabuja, nyuma y'urupfu rw'umwanditsi ategeka ko mu murage, abikesha uwo muryango batumva bakeneye. Umukobwa wa Elizabeti n'umwana wa Kantantin bavukiye mu bashakanye. Abana ntibigaragaje uko bababajwe na se uzwi, nababo. Salykov yanditse:
"Kubabarira bizaba abana banjye, nta mivugo mu mitima, nta mvura yibuka."Urupfu
Ubuzima bw'umwanditsi ugeze mu za bukuru, warwaye abantu, yatesheje agaciro gufunga "inyandiko z'imbere" mu 1884. Mu cyemezo gihuje na Minisiteri y'igihugu cy'igihugu, ubutabera no kumurikirwa kwa rubanda, igitabo cyamenyekanye nk'umukoresha ibitekerezo byangiza, n'abakozi bo mu kigo cy'amabwiriza - abagize umuryango w'ibanga.
Amezi yashize y'ubuzima bwa Salykov-SchacherRin yamaze kuryama, abashyitsi basabye kwimura: "Ndahuze cyane - gupfa." Mikhail evgrafovich yapfiriye muri Gicurasi 1889 uhereye kubibazo byatewe nubukonje. Dukurikije ubushake bw'umwanditsi, yashyinguwe iruhande rw'imva ya Ivan Turgenev ku irimbi rya Volkovsky rya St. Petersburg.
Ibintu bishimishije
- Ku munyuzo wa Aristocy, ukurikije uko kimwe, Mikhail evgrafovich ntabwo ikurikizwa. Dukurikije abandi, umuryango we ni abakomoka ku ishami ridafite uburinganire bw'amashami.
- Mikhail Salttkov - Shchecherrin yazanye ijambo "byoroshye".
- Abana b'umwanditsi bagaragaye ko imyaka 17.
- Hano hari verisiyo nyinshi zikomoka kuri Pseudonym Gereneni. Iya mbere: Abahinzi benshi hamwe nizina ryanyuma babaga mumitungo ya Salykov. Icya kabiri: Shchecherrin - Amazina yumucuruzi, abitabiriye ingendo zacitsemo ibice, Urubanza umwanditsi yakoze iperereza kubera imirimo yemewe. "Igifaransa": bumwe mu buryo bwo guhindura ijambo "ubuntu" mu gifaransa - Libéral. Nukugira ubwuzuzanye bukabije bwahuye numwanditsi mubikorwa bye.
Bibliografiya
- 1857 - "Inyandiko ya Guernsky"
- 1869 - "Inkuru ivuga uburyo Jenerali Mumuntu Mwe Rusange"
- 1870 - "Amateka Yumujyi umwe"
- 1872 - "Diary y'intara muri St. Petersburg"
- 1879 - "Ubuhungiro Monrepo"
- 1880 - "Lord Golovy"
- 1883 - "Promorud Piskar"
- 1884 - "Karas Imagest"
- 1885 - "Konya"
- 1886 - "Ikamba ry'abakorikori"
- 1889 - "Posheknu Umusaza"