Ubuzima
Umwanditsi w'Ubwongereza n'umusizi Reddard mu gihugu cyamamaye kubera inkuru n'ibisigo. Aphorisms, amagambo n'amagambo y'umwanditsi ntatakaza akamaro. Ubuzima no guhanga umwanditsi nabo bakomeje guteza inyungu - muri kipling habaye ibishimishije, ariko bigoye.Mu bwana n'urubyiruko
Joseph Reddard yavutse ku ya 30 Ukuboza 1865 i Bombay. Bivugwa ko izina ryahabwa umuhungu mu cyubahiro ikiyaga cy'izina rimwe, aho nyina na papa baziranye. Imyaka ya mbere mu kirere cy'ubwoko budasanzwe bwo mu Buhinde bishimiye umwana. Ariko igihe yahinduye imyaka 5, itangwa na mushiki we, wari muri icyo gihe imyaka 3, yoherejwe kwiga mu Bwongereza.
Imyaka 6 iri imbere, kipling yabaga mu kibaho cyigenga. Icyo gihe yagombaga kugorana: ba nyirubwite bari bafite umwana mubi, akenshi bahanishwa. Umwarimu yaje kuba umugore mwiza na Hanga. Redddiard yatangiye imipaka, iterabwoba kandi irakubita. Imyifatire nkiyi yagize uruhare runini cyane kuri kipling kandi igava ku ngaruka: Umwanditsi kugeza ku iherezo ryubuzima bwe yababajwe no kudasinzira.
Umubyeyi wagiye gusura abana mu myaka mike, yatewe ubwoba na leta: Umuhungu ni impumyi ziva muhungabana. Umugore yajyanye abana mu Buhinde, ariko murugo rwo guhashya ntibyari birebire.
Kugira ngo Rudyard yiyandikishe mu ishuri rikomeye rya Gisirikare, afite imyaka 12 yatunganijwe mu ishuri rya Devaloniya "Westard-Ho". Umwanya w'umuyobozi wafashe inshuti yo gukiza papa - igiciro cya Korzell, uwambere gushishikariza inyungu z'umwana ku bitabo.
Ikigo cy'uburezi cyashyizeho umwuka w'abateransa n'urugomo. Umuhungu yarakajwe nabarimu batazi, kandi abanyeshuri, muri bo bahuye n'abasore bakomeye kandi ba mbere. Rudyard yasomye byinshi, afite imyaka 12 yambaye ibirahure kandi yari iterambere gato. Kuguma muri "Westard-Ho" yahindutse ikizamini kigoye ku mwanditsi w'ejo hazaza, ariko ntakintu cyamennye umusore nkumuntu. Mu myaka 5, yarababajwe ndetse no "yinjiye muburyohe" bwo gukurura ubwinshi.
Umwangavu yizeraga rwose ko akeneye amasomo yo kugandukira, amwemerera kubungabunga kwihesha agaciro. Guharanira uburere bukomeye bihuye neza, kandi igitekerezo cy'amategeko nka sisitemu yagenwe n'ibibujijwe n'impushya bigaruriye gushinga imitekerereze. Igihe cyo kuguma mu ishuri ahanini cyageje ibitekerezo n'amahame yo kurubuga. Kamere ye yashizweho hakiri kare igitekerezo cyumusore.
Kubera kubona nabi, Reddiard ntabwo yakomeje umwuga wabo wa gisirikare. Yavuye muri "Westird-Ho" afite ibibi, kandi kubera ko ishuri ritatanze impamyabumenyi kugira ngo ninjire kuri Oxford cyangwa Cambridge cyangwa cbbridge, imiterere yo gutoroka kwararangiye.
Gutangazwa n'inkuru z'Umwana, se yamugize umunyamakuru mu kibaho cy'amabwiriza cy '"ikinyamakuru gisivili no gisirikare", cyasohotse muri Lahore. Ku buzima bwumusore bagize uruhare rwo kurera ubuzima bwa Manyonic. Umwuka we, imihango, kugandukira kugandukira amategeko na Mesiya byagize ibihe byoherejwe kure yinshingano zanyuma.
Ubuvanganzo
Kurongora, kumva umuhamagaro w'umwanditsi, yashyizeho umurimo w "amagambo y'ishuri", aho yigana ahanini n'abasizi bakomeye muri kiriya gihe. Nyuma yimyaka 3, umwanditsi ahindura uburyo bwo kwandika, abasizi bakomeye bato kandi bagaragaza amasezerano nubushishozi kubiyobora.
Mu mpera za 1882, umusore asubira mu gihugu cye kandi akora numunyamakuru. Mu gihe cye cy'ubusa, Rudyard yanditse inkuru n'imivugo yoherejwe mu kinyamakuru. Kurongora byasezeranye mu itangazamakuru imyaka 7: Benshi bahanganye mu gihugu, aho ubujiji bukabije n'urwikekwe bufatanije n'umwuka mwinshi. Umunyamakuru Contift yamwemereye guteza imbere indorerezi karemano no gusabana.
Reddarde yahise amenya ubuhanga bwinkuru ngufi, yakubise hakiri kare no kwiyumvamo. Mugihe wandika imirimo, KECLIN ibereye imiterere ikomeye: guhuza mumagambo 1200. Ibyiza bikubiye mu cyegeranyo cya mbere "Inkuru zoroshye ziva ku misozi". Ibyinshi mu nkuru zaremwe mubuhinde zasohotse muburyo bwa tombi ntoya mu gifuniko gito.
Ikinyamakuru cyakozwe muri Allahabad gisaba umunyamakuru gukora urukurikirane rw'ibihugu bitandukanye. Gukizanya gushishikarira byasuzumye ubuzima bwabaturage ba Aziya na Amerika. Ibitekerezo bidasanzwe byakiriwe no kumenyana n'imico itandukanye yagaragaye mu bitabo 6. Isi yubuvanganzo yemeye umwanditsi yifashishije ishyaka, kandi kunegura byagereranijwe umwirondoro wambere wigiti cye.
Nyuma yo kuzenguruka mu Bwongereza, kipili rwagiye mu Bushinwa, yasuye Birmaniya, Ubuyapani na Amerika y'Amajyaruguru. Mu mizo ya mbere, yabanje kuvuga mu Buhinde, kandi bidatinze muri Metropolis. Amaze kubona ibitekerezo byinshi mu banyezerera, Rudard yasubiye i Londres, aho yatangiye gukora ku mirimo mishya.
Hano, inkuru ze zagiye mu ruganda, kipling ikomeje guteza imbere insanganyamatsiko y'Ubuhinde, kandi intera iri hagati y'umwanditsi n'inzu itanga umucyo mwinshi mubyo bye. Usibye guhanga, umwanditsi yagerageje kugira uruhare mubuzima bwubuvanganzo bwumurwa mukuru. Abakenguzamateka basubije neza umurimo wa "Isomero rya Gariyamoshi y'Abahinde", naho ku mashyamba "amashyamba yoroheje" - ntabwo yakiriye neza.
Intsinzi itangaje yumwanditsi ukiri muto iragereranywa usibye hamwe na dickens yakundaga. Kumenyera kuri kipling byasobanuwe kubipimo n'imiterere yubuzima bwayo. Yinjiye musi yubuvanganzo mugihe iyi spore yari ikeneye kuvugurura, gukenera guhinga intwari nshya nibitekerezo bishimishije.
Reddiard yerekeje ku bantu basanzwe, babereka mubihe bidasanzwe kandi bikabije, aho ishingiro ryose ryumuntu ryerekanwe, ubujyakuzimu bwabwo bwihishe. Mugihe cyo kwiheba kwisi yose no kutitabira ubutumwa, umwanditsi yari akazi neza kandi akingura ubutwari bwo kurema buri munsi.
Umwanditsi yahagurukiye Ururimi rw'ubuvanganzo n'imiterere y'imivugo, niyo miterere nyamukuru ya revolution y'ibikorikori. Duhereye ku mpapuro z'umwanditsi, umuhengeri w'ubuzima utabanje gutembwa, yasobanuye isi uko ari.
Nyuma yo gucana ikunda kwandika inkuru zabana. Abanegura bemeje iyo mirimo - imigani yazanwe ku mwanditsi bafite ibyamamare bitigeze bibaho. Mu 1907, guhambira, Umwongereza wa mbere w'isi, yakiriye igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel mu bitabo. Igishimishije, Kurongora ni umuto muri premium yatanzwe. Umwanditsi yaje mu birori, ariko ntiyavuga imvugo ikomeye. Bidatinze, iki gikorwa, ibikorwa byo guhanga umwanditsi byanze.
Ubuzima Bwihariye
I Londres, kipling yahuye n'umusore wamamare wa Walcott Belir, mu 1892 yapfuye cya Tifosi. Nyuma gato y'urupfu rwe, umwanditsi yashakanye na mushiki we walcotta - Carolina. Iyo abashakanye bishimiyenya mugihe cy'ubuki, banki, aho kuzigama kwa kipling byakorewe guhomba. Amafaranga mu rubyiruko yari ahagije gusa mu nzira igana vermont, aho bene wabo bo mu mugore we babaga.
Ubwa mbere, abashyingiranywe bafatanije amacumbi mato. Ariko nyuma gato yo kuvuka kwa Mukobwa amaze kuvuka, igihe kitari cyo mucyumba kibaye hafi, umuryango waguze isi, ushimishije kandi uhambisha inzu. Umukobwa wa kabiri Elsi yari amaze kuvuka muri iyi nzu. Umuryango wabayeho imyaka ine, kugeza igihe gitongana na Shurin.
Nyuma yo guswera mu 1896, umuryango usubira mu Bwongereza, aho umwana wa gatatu avutse - mwene Yohana. Reddarde yari se wuje urukundo, ndetse n'imigani idakwiye aho ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo mu mwuka, Kipling yahimbye abana.
Ntabwo ibintu byose mubuzima bwite bwumwanditsi byari byoroshye. Mu rugendo muri Amerika, umukobwa mukuru wa Josephine yapfuye azize umwanditsi - byahindutse inkoni ikomeye.
Muri ibyo, igihombo cya Redda nticyatsinzwe - urupfu rw'Umwana mu ntambara ya mbere y'isi yose, umurambo utabisanze, nsiga igikomere mu mutima w'umwanditsi. Kurongora na Carolina mu gihe cy'intambara byakoraga mu musaraba utukura, bamaranye imyaka 4 kugirango basobanure imiterere y'urupfu rw'Umwana.
Bari bafite ibyiringiro ko umuhungu yafashwe ku Badage. Ariko muri Kamena 1919, amaherezo, umwanditsi yabwiye igisirikare urubanza rw'umuhungu we. Ibyerekeye ibi bintu byasomye film "umuhungu wanjye Jack".
Mu bana batatu ba Kipling, gusa Elisi yabayeho igihe kirekire: yapfuye afite imyaka 80. Umugore uri kuri interineti, yagerageje kubungabunga imigenzo y'umugabo we na se mu buzima bwose. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Elisie, yajyanye umutungo we mu kigega cy'igihugu.
Urupfu
Rudyard yakomeje kwandika, ariko intsinzi yigeze iherekeje umwanditsi. Kuva mu 1915, umwanditsi yababajwe na gastritis, ariko nyuma byaje kugaragara ko kwisuzumisha byari nabi - mubyukuri, gushinyamiza barwaye ibisebe. Umwanditsi yapfiriye i Londres ku ya 18 Mutarama 1936, munsi y'icyumweru nyuma yo kubagwa. Umubiri wa Reddard utwitswe, kandi umukungugu uri mu mfuruka y'abazisi muri Westminster Abbey, iruhande rwa Charles Dickens na Thomas Hardy.Izuba rirenze ry'icyubahiro cyandika cya Kipling cyari gishoboka cyane kandi kibona ibintu bifatika kandi kibangamiye, kimwe no kugerwaho rusange. Aba bikubiyemo batekereje ko umwanditsi azenguruka ingingo n'amahame meza atanga.
Ariko, kuva intangiriro ya 40, umurimo wo Kujura wasubijwe hamwe nabanenga. Nyuma yo gutanga ikusanyirizo ryibisigo byumusatsi, inyungu mumirimo ni ubwavutse.
Bibliografiya
- 1888 - "Inkuru zoroshye ziva kumusozi"
- 1888 - "Abasirikare batatu"
- 1888 - "Baby Willi Vinki"
- 1893 - "Injangwe Yera"
- 1894 - "Igitabo cya Hingle"
- 1895 - "Igitabo cya kabiri cy'Ishyamba"
- 1896 - "Abakapiteni b'intwari"
- 1896 - "Inyanja Irindwi"
- 1896 - "THEES ZERA"
- 1898 - "Imirimo Yumunsi"
- 1899 - "Stralks na K"
- 1899 - "Umutwaro w'umuzungu"
- 1903 - "Amahanga atanu"
- 1901 - "KIM"
- 1904 - "inzira no gufungura"
- 1906 - "Pak kuva kumusozi"
- 1909 - "Igikorwa no Kwigana"
- 1910 - "Awards na Franry"
- 1910 - ISHYAKA "RY'UMUBASHA" ("Twebwe mu mbaga y'itiranya")
- 1918 - "Ubusitani bwa Gefsema"
- 1919 - "Amaso Yumunsi Umuseke"
- 1923 - "Ikarito yo muri Irilande mu gihe cy'intambara ikomeye"
- 1932 - "Kubuza no kuvugurura"
- 1937 - "Gito kuri wewe"