Chiphunzitso
Christopher Columbus ndiamadzi odziwika, omwe adatsegula Sargasskovovo ndi Nyanja ya Caribbean, Andhamas ndi Namohata ndi dziko la Aredic.
Malinga ndi maumboni osiyanasiyana, Christopher Columbus adabadwa mu 1451 ku Genoa, m'gawo la Coserica pano. Mizinda isanu ndi umodzi ya ku Italiya ndi ku Spain inatenga ufulu wotchedwa amayi ake. Ubwana ndi unyamata wa panyanjayo ndi osadziwika, palibe chilichonse, chiyambi cha banja la Columbus.
Ofufuza ena amatcha Columbus Italy, ena amakhulupirira kuti makolo ake adabatizidwa ndi Ayuda, Anmin. Izi zikutanthauza kuti maphunziro, omwe Christopher adalandira, kusiya banja la amayi ofooka wamba.
Malinga ndi akatswiri ena olemba mbiri ndi ojambula, Consembus ochepera zaka 14 adaphunzira kunyumba, pomwe anali ndi chidziwitso chonyansa m'Masamu, amadziwa zilankhulo zingapo. Mnyamatayo anali ndi abale ndi mlongo wake wamwamuna atatu, ndipo onse anaphunzitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi akubwera. M'modzi mwa abalewo, Giovanni, adamwalira ali mwana, mlongo wa Biakene adakwera ndipo adakwatirana, ndi Bartoromoo ndi Giacomo ndi Giacomo mu ulendo wake.
Mwinanso, ku Colukulu, thandizo lonse linaperekedwa ndi anzawo, ndalama zolemera za genoese zochokera ku Marranov. Ndi thandizo lawo, mnyamatayo wochokera ku banja losauka adamenya yunivesite ya Padua.
Monga munthu wophunzira, Columbus anali kudziwa ziphunzitso za ziphunzitso za Agiriki akale achi Greek ndi anzeru omwe akuwonetsa kumtunda ndi mpira, osati pathanthwe, monga amakhulupirira zaka zapakati. Komabe, malingaliro oterowo, monga Chiyuda patatha Kufunsira, komwe kunachitika ku Europe, kukabisaliratu.
Ku yunivesite, Columbus adayamba abwenzi ake ndi ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi. Mmodzi mwa okondedwa ake anali zakuthambo wa anoskanlyli. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwake, zidali pachibwenzi kuti India, chuma chosasinthika, chinali pafupi kwambiri ndikuyenda kumadzulo, osati ku East, Olemera ku Africa. Pambuyo pake, Christopher adamuwerengera zomwe, zomwe, pokhala wolakwika, zidatsimikiziridwa kuti Toskanlylis. Chifukwa chake maloto aulendo akumadzulo adabadwa, ndipo Columbus wake adadzipereka moyo wake wonse.
Ngakhale asanalowe ku yunivesite, wachinyamata wazaka 14 wokalamba, Columbus Odziwa za Marine amayendayenda. Bambowo adapanga mwana wamwamuna m'modzi mwa malo ogulitsira Shoin chifukwa chophunzira luso loyang'anira kuyenda, kugwiritsa ntchito maluso apakompyuta, ndipo kuyambira pano Maritavori adayamba.
Kuyenda koyamba kwa Columbus pamalo a Unga adapanga nyanja ya Mediterranean komwe bizinesi ndi njira zapadera pakati pa ku Europe ndi Asia zidawoloka. Nthawi yomweyo, amalonda aku Europe adadziwa za kuchuluka chuma ndi malo agolide ku Asia ndi India, omwe amawalipira silika ndi zonunkhira zodabwitsa kuchokera kumayiko awa.
Mnyamatayo anamvetsera nkhani zodabwitsa kuchokera mkamwa mwa ogulitsa akummmawa ndipo anayenda kulota kuti akafike m'mphepete mwa India kuti akapeze chuma chake komanso kulemera.
Ulendo
M'zaka za m'ma 70s a zaka za m'ma 1500, Columbus adakwatirana ndi Monono Monos kuchokera ku banja la anthu olemera ku Italy. Akuluawo a pa Christopere, okhazikika ku Lisbon ndipo adapita kunyanja pansi pa mbendera ya Chipwitikizi, nawonso anali oyendayenda. Pambuyo paimfa, adachoka mamapu a zamankhwala, zojambula ndi zikalata zina zomwe zidabadwa kwa Columbus. Malingana ndi iwo, woyendayenda adapitiliza kuphunzira za Geography, pomwe nthawi yomweyo kuphunzira ntchito za Piccolomini, Pierre de Aili, Marco Polo.
Christopher Columbus adatenga nawo mbali mu The - omwe amatchedwa Northernation, monga njira yomwe njira Yake idadutsa kumalumba a Britain ndi Iceland. Mwinanso, pali oyendayenda ndipo sagas ndi nkhani za Scandingavian ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi ma Vikings, Erimisson Ericsson, yemwe adafika pagombe la "Giant of" Earth of Atlantic Ocean.
Njira yokhayo, yomwe idalola kupita ku India West, Columbus inali mu 1475. Adanenanso cholinga chofuna kugonjetsedwa kwa gombe latsopano ku khothi la amalonda a Genoese, koma sanakwaniritse thandizo.
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, mu 1483, Christopher adakokedwa ndi malingaliro ofanana ndi a Portuguese. Mfumuyo idasonkhanitsa Council Council, yemwe adawunikira ntchito ya Genoese ndipo adapeza kuwerengera kwake sikulondola. Columbus yokhumudwitsa yochokera ku Portugal ndipo inasamukira ku Cast.
Mu 1485, a Navigator adafunsa omvera ku Spanish, Ferdinand ndi Isabella bustilkaya. Okwatirana adamupempha kuti asangalale, amamvera chuma cha India Columbus, komanso wolamulira wa Chipwitikizi, adalemba asayansi ku Council. Commission sinathandizire oyendayenda, popeza kuthekera kwa njira yakumadzulo kunapangitsa kuti dziko lapansi likhale lofanana ndi dziko lapansi, lomwe limatsutsana ndi ziphunzitso za mpingo. Columbus sanatchulidwepo kale, koma mfumuyo yokhala ndi mfumukazi inayenda ndikuganiza zokhala komaliza chisankho chomaliza mpaka nkhondoyo itamalizidwa ndi Moors.
Columbus, amene sanasudzule ludzu latha, kufunitsitsa kulimbana ndi kulemera kwawo, molimbika kubisala kuti ayende ku Chingerezi, ku French Monorchim. Karl ndi Heinrich sanayankhe makalata, kukhala atatanganidwa kwambiri kwamkati, koma mfumu ya Chipwitikizi inatumiza pempho loti lipitirize kukambirana kwa ulendowo woyendayenda.
Christopher adalengeza izi ku Spain, Ferdinand ndi Isabella adaperekanso zida za sitima zapamadzulo kupita ku India, ngakhale kuti ndi osauka a ku Spain alibe ndalama za bizinesi iyi. Mafumu olonjeza a Columbus mutu wolemekezeka, dzina la ochita bwino komanso loipa kwambiri m'maiko onse omwe amayenera kutsegula, ndipo amayenera kubwerekedwa kuchokera ku Bankers ndi amalonda.
Maulendo anayi Columbus
- Kuyamba koyamba kwa Christopher Columbus kunachitika mu 1492-1493. Pa zombo zitatuzo, Karavelh pinton (katundu wa Martin Alonso Pinson) ndi Niña ndi Banja la Atlantic, akutseguka panyanja ya Atlantic, ndikufika Bahamas. Pa Okutobala 12, 1492, Columbus adachoka padziko lapansi pachilumba cha Samum, wotchedwa San Salvador. Tsikuli limawonedwa kuti ndi tsiku la kutsegula America.
- Kupita kwachiwiri kwa Columbus kunachitika mu 1493-1496. Mu kampeni iyi, antinica, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica adatsegulidwa.
- Ufulu wachitatu ukunena za nthawi kuyambira 1498 mpaka 1500. Flotilla kuchokera kumabwalo asanu ndi limodzi adafika pachilumba cha Trinidad ndi Margarita, ndikuyika chiyambi cha kutsegulidwa kwa ku South America, ndipo adatha ku Haiti.
- M'nthawi yachinayi, Christopher Columbus adapita ku Martinique, adayendera Hondunaran Gulf ndikuwunika gombe la Central America m'mbali mwa nyanja ya ku Caribbean.
Kupeza kwa America
Njira yotsegulira dziko latsopano yotambalala kwa zaka zambiri. Chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri chomwe Columbus, ponditaya, ndi oyendayenda odziwa zambiri, adakhulupirira kuti masiku ake amakhulupirira kuti watsegula njira ya Asia. Bahamas, yotseguka koyamba, adawona gawo la Japan, lotsatiridwa ndi China chabwino, komanso kumbuyo kwake - ndipo kumbuyo kwake India.
Kodi Columbus adatsegula chiyani ndipo chifukwa chiyani dziko latsopano lidatchulanso dzina la wina, Amesigo veptucki? Mndandanda wazotheka ndi woyenda wamkulu komanso Seavykerker amaphatikiza San Salvador, Cuba ndi Haiti, kukhala wa Bahamas Arbilago, nyanja ya Sargaskovo.
Poyamba ulendo wachiwiri, zombo khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zotsogozedwa ndi zoopsa "Maria Galant" adapita. Chombo chamtunduwu wokhala ndi mayendedwe mazana awiri ndi zombo zina sizinatengedwe osati ndi oyendetsa sitima okha, komanso ogwira ntchito, ng'ombe, zopatsa. Nthawi yonseyi, Columbus anali wotsimikiza kuti adatsegula Western India. Kenako antilles, Dominica ndi Guadeloupa adatsegulidwa.
Udindo wachitatu unkatsogolera zombo za Columbus kupita ku kontinenti, koma oyendayenda adakhumudwitsidwa: India ndi zojambula zake zagolide sizinazipeze. Kuchokera paulendo uno, Columbus adabwereranso ku shackles akuimbidwa mlandu wabodza wabodza. Asanalowe pagombe la maudzu, adachotsedwa kwa iyo, koma maudindo olonjezedwa ndi maudindo a a Navigator adataya.
Ulendo womaliza wa Christopher Columbus unatha ndi kuwonongeka m'mphepete mwa Jamaica ndi matenda ovuta a mutu wa kampeni. Anabwereranso kudwala, osasangalala komanso olephera. AmesPo Veltu anali mnzake komanso wotsatira wa ku Columbus, yemwe anali atapita kumayiko ena ku kuwala kwatsopano. Dzina lake limatchedwa kontinenti yonse, ndipo dzina la Columbus ndipo osafika ku India, dziko lina ku South America.
Moyo Wanu
Ngati mukukhulupirira zojambula za Christopher Columbus, yoyamba yomwe inali Mwana wake yemwe, oyendayenda anali atakwatirana kawiri. Ukwati woyamba ndi Monipe monis ndiyabwino. Mkazi adabereka mwana wamwamuna wa afego. Mu 1488, Columbus adabadwa mwana wamwamuna wachiwiri Fernando, kusiya kulankhulana ndi mayi wina dzina lake Beatris Chuma de Aran.
Woyendayendawo ankasamalira monse pamodzi ndi ana amuna onse awiri, ndipo anapita naye kukachokako pamene mnyamatayo anasintha zaka 13. Fernando adakhala woyamba amene analemba mbiri ya woyenda wotchuka.
Pambuyo pake, ana a Columbus adayamba kukhala anthu otchuka ndipo adatenga nsanambale. Diego inali mfumu yachinayi ya Spain ndi Advin India, ndipo mbadwa zake zidalankhulidwa ndi marquisiya a Jamaica ndi Huke.
Fernando Columbus, yemwe adakhala wolemba komanso wasayansi, amasangalala ndi mfumu ya ku Spain, amakhala kunyumba yachifumu ndipo anali ndi ndalama zapachaka zopita ku Francs 200,000. Maudindowa ndi chuma adapeza mbadwa za Columbus ngati chizindikiro chovomerezeka ndi mafumu a Spain Abwino kutsogolo kwa korona.
Imfa
Atatsegulidwa kwa Amereka kuchokera kumapeto komaliza, Columbus anabwerera ku Spain ndi munthu wodwala, wokalamba. Mu 1506, katuluko ka kuwalako kwatsopano kwadutsa umphawi m'nyumba yaying'ono ku Valladolid. Kusunga kwa columbus kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolipiritsa kwa omwe atenga nawo mbali kwa ulendo womaliza.
Atangomwalira kwa Christopher Columbus kuchokera ku America, zombo zoyambirira zinayamba kubwera, zodzaza ndi golide, zomwe zinali zolota kwambiri za oyendayenda. Olemba mbiri yakale amavomereza kuti Columbus amadziwa kuti sanatsegule Asia osati India, koma kontinenti yatsopano, koma sanafune kuuzana ulemu ndi chuma chomwe munthu wina amangotsalira.
Kuwoneka kwa malo obisika a America kumadziwikanso mu chithunzithunzi m'mabuku a mbiri yakale. Zojambula zochepa zinkawomberedwa za Columbus, omaliza anali filimu yolumikizira France, England, Spain ndi USA "1492: kugonjetsedwa kwa paradiso." Zipilala za munthu wamkulu uyu zidayikidwa ku Barcelona ndi Granada, ndi mapulusa ake kuchokera ku Seville adapita ku Haiti.