Chiphunzitso
A Thomas Mor ndi wolemba munthu wotchuka, wafilosofi ndi loya ku England, yemwenso adagwiranso ntchito yapadziko lonse. Tromas wotchuka kwambiri ndi ntchito yotchedwa "Utopia". M'buku lino, akutenga chilumba chopangidwa mwachisawawa mwachitsanzo, anafotokozera masomphenyawo a ndale zabwino zandale.
Afilosofi anali munthu wokonda anthu: anali mlendo kwa nthawi yokonzanso, ndipo analimbitsa kugawidwa kwa chikhulupiriro cha Chipulotesitanti m'mayiko achingelezi. Pokana kuzindikira za Herorich VIII YOPHUNZITSIRA Mtsogoleri wa mpingo wa Chingerezi, adaphedwa pa chipolowe. Mu zaka za XX, Tomasi Mora adawerengedwa kuti ayang'ane ndi oyera a Katolika.
Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Bizinesi ya thomas Mora imayamba ku London kuweruza banja la nyumba yachifumu yayikulu ya Sir John Mora. Tomasi adachokera pa February 7, 1478. Abambo ake anali oona, oona mtima komanso amakhalidwe abwino kwambiri, omwe ambiri amafunitsitsa kwambiri mwana wake. Maphunziro oyambirira a mwana wa woweruza wotchuka wolandiridwa mu sukulu ya galamala ya St. Anthony.
Ali ndi zaka 13, yemwe ndi Magazini adalandira tsamba limodzi ndi a John Moton, kwanthawi yayitali atagwira ntchito ndi Ambuye Chancellor wa England. Hamona anagwa ndi kukoma kwa mnyamata wachimwemwe komanso wodziwa zinthu. Kadinala ananena kuti Tomasi "adzakhale munthu wodabwitsa."
Pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, mada adalowa ku yunivesite ya Oxford. Aphunzitsi ake anali malo ovomerezeka kwambiri ku Britain azaka za XV: William Grosin ndi Thomas Linkr. Phunziroli linaperekedwa kwa wachinyamata mosavuta, ngakhale atakhala kuti sanakope malamulo owuma kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa anthu a nthawi imeneyo. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, Tomasi adamasulira m'Chingerezi "Ogwira Ntchito" Ogwira Ntchito "Malume khumi ndi awiri" ochokera ku Italy Pico Milandol.
Patatha zaka ziwiri atafika mu oxford mi-ng., Popita kwa abambo ake, kubwerera ku London kuti akwaniritse zambiri m'munda wa malamulo achingelezi. Thomas anali wophunzira waluso komanso mothandizidwa ndi maloya odziwa nthawi imeneyo adaphunzira miyala yonse yamadzi am'madzi a English adayamba kukhala loya waluso. Nthawi yomweyo, anali ndi chidwi ndi filosofi, pophunzira ntchito zakale (makamaka Lucian ndi Plato), kukonza Chilatini ndi Chigriki ndikupitiliza kulemba pa Oxford.
"Wochititsa" mdziko la Tomasi Mora anali Erazm wa Rotterdam, yemweyo adakumana naye movomerezeka kuchokera kwa Ambuye Meya. Chifukwa chaubwenzi ndi rotterdam, wafilosofi woyamba adalowa mgulu la anthu a nthawi yake, komanso mozungulira erasmus. Kuyendera nyumba ya Thomas Mora, Rotterdamsky adapanga ophunzira a Sotira "a Somata".
Mwinanso nthawi yayitali, kuyambira 1500 mpaka 1504 Mnyamata wachinyamata wa ku London Cartesian amonke. Komabe, sanafune kuti athetse moyo wawo ndi utumiki wawo komanso kukhala m'dziko lapansi. Komabe, kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, a Thomas mor sanasiye zizolowezi zomwe adalandira munthawi ya amonke: adadzuka m'mawa, adayiwala kwambiri positi ndipo adayamba kutchuthira Vlalanita. Izi zidaphatikizidwa ndi kufuna kutumikira ndi kuthandiza dzikolo.
Ndale
Kumayambiriro kwa 15 miliyoni, Thomas mar adaphunzitsa bwino lomwe likufanana ndi kasamalidwe ka wovomerezeka, ndipo mu 1504 adadzakhala membala wa Nyumba yamalamulo kuchokera ku London. Kugwira Ntchito Nyumba Yamalamulo, nthawi zambiri adalola kuti alankhule motsutsana ndi msonkho, womwe adalimbikitsa nzika za ku England Kii Kiii. Chifukwa cha izi, loyayo adasaiwalika pamtundu wa ma encheloni aboma ndipo adakakamizidwa kukana ntchito ya ndale kwakanthawi, adabwezeretsedwa kokha pantchito yomanga milandu.
Nthawi yomweyo ndikutsogolera oweruza, nthawi ino, Tomasi amayesa kulimba mtima kwake m'mabuku. Pamene mu 1510, wolamulira watsopano wa England - Heinrich VIII - adalemba nyumba yatsopano, wolemba komanso loya adapezanso malo omwe ali ndi malo osungira kwambiri dziko lonse. Nthawi yomweyo, amayi adalandira malo othandizira mzinda wa Sheriff London, ndipo pazaka zisanu (mu 1515) adakhala membala wa omwe ali ndi Englishy Englishy adakambirana.
Kenako Topomas adayamba kugwira ntchito "Utopia" wake:
- Wolemba adalemba buku loyamba la ntchitoyi komanso litatsala pang'ono kubwerera kunyumba.
- Buku lachiwiri, lomwe lili ndi nkhani ya chilumba chabodza munyanja, yomwe idatsegulidwa posachedwa ndi ofufuza - mor, makamaka, adalemba kale, ndipo kumapeto kwa gawo loyamba la ntchitoyo pongokonzedwa pang'ono. adawongolera zinthuzo.
- Buku lachitatu linasindikizidwa mu 1518 ndipo lophatikizidwa, kuwonjezera pa nkhani zomwe zidalembedwa kale, "zigawo" za wolemba "ndi msonkhano waukulu wa ndakatulo, ndakatulo komanso nthawi yomweyo epigram.
"Utopia" adapangidwira asayansi owunikiridwa ndi asayansi aumunthu. Anali ndi mphamvu yayikulu pa kukula kwa malingaliro a Utopists ndikutchula kuti madzi achinsinsi, kufanana, kupanga anthu, etc. Nthawi yomweyo, polemba ntchitoyi, a Thomas madera ena - "mbiri ya Richard III".
Mfumu Heinrich VIII imayamikira kwambiri "Utopia" wa loya waluso komanso mu 1517 adaganiza zoyisunga kwa alangizi ake. Chifukwa chake Utopian wodziwika bwino womwe unalowa nawo nyumba yachifumu, adalandira mwayi wa mlembi wachifumu ndi mwayi wogwira ntchito pa zokambirana zam'manja. Mu 1521, iye anayamba kukhala mu bungwe lalikulu kwambiri lachingerezi - chipinda cha nyenyezi.
Nthawi yomweyo, adalandira mutu waukulu, malo amtundu ndipo adakhala msungichuma wothandiza. Ngakhale kuti ntchito yandale ipambana, analibe munthu wokhulupirika komanso wowona mtima, za zomwe England onse akudziwa chilungamo. Mu 1529, King Heinrich VIII anathandiza mlangizi woyenera ku positi ya boma yapamwamba - positi ya Ambuyement. Thomas mmalo adayamba kutsogoleredwa kuchokera ku Bourgeoiicie, omwe adatha kutenga izi.
Nchito
Mtengo wapatali pakati pa ntchito za Thomas Mora ali ndi ntchito "utopia", womwe umaphatikizapo mabuku awiri.
Gawo loyamba la ntchitoyi ndi buku lazakale (ntchito yaukadaulo ndi zojambulajambula). Mmenemo, wolemba akuwonetsa malingaliro ake pa momwe maswiti andale. Brer amatsutsa chilango chophedwa, chodabwitsa chimadzetsa chinyengo ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo, zimatsutsa kupititsa patsogolo kwa anthu ammudzi, kumatsutsa kusagwirizana ndi malamulo a anthu onena za ogwira ntchito. Mu gawo lomwelo, Thomas amapereka dongosolo lokonzanso zopangidwa kuti athe kukonza zomwe zikuchitika.
Gawo lachiwiri limapereka chiphunzitso cha anthu a MORA. Malingaliro akuluakulu a chiphunzitsochi amachepetsedwa ku izi: Mutu wa Boma uyenera kukhala "mfumu yanzeru", ntchito yake iyenera kukhala yotopetsa kwa onse ndipo sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito Kungogulitsa malonda ndi mayiko ena (monopoly komwe amakhala mu utsogoleri wa boma), kugawa zinthu kuyenera kuchitika molingana ndi zosowa. Filosofi ya Mora adayamba kudziwitsa demokalase komanso kufanana ngakhale, ngakhale kupezeka kwa mfumu.
"Utopia" wakhala maziko a chitukuko cha ziphunzitso za Utopian. Kuphatikizanso, adagwira gawo lalikulu popanga anthu omwe ali ndi anthu odziwika bwino kwambiri, monga Tommasso Campnenella. "Mbiri ya Richard III", ntchito ina yofunika ya Thomas Mora, zakhala zopanda pake zomwe zosewerera zikuchitikabe: Ofufuza ena amalingalira za buku lakale, ena ndi luso linachitikira mbiri yakale. Utoto adalembanso matembenuzidwe ambiri komanso ndakatulo zogwira ntchito.
Moyo Wanu
Ngakhale nthawi yokonzanso Renaisasalo isanakwanenso ndi ntchito yodziwika bwino ya Thomas Mora Mongala Ndipo asanayambe kutenga nsanamira kwambiri m'boma, munthu wotchedwa Jane Bank of Eng. Izi zidachitika mu 1505. Anali mtsikana wodekha komanso wokoma mtima ndipo posakhalitsa adabereka mwamuna wake wa ana anayi: mwana wa Yohane ndi ana aakazi a Cecili, Elizabeth ndi Margaret.
Mu 1511, Jane anamwalira chifukwa cha malungo. Thomas Mor, osafuna kusiya ana popanda mayi, anakwatirana ndi mkazi wamasiye, yemwe iye ankakhala mosangalala asanamwalire. Komanso anali ndi mwana kuyambira pa banja loyamba.
Imfa
Chifukwa a Thomas Mora, zolemba ku ntchito zake sizinali zopeka chabe - amakhulupirira kwambiri zinthu zonse zophunzitsa ndipo adakhalabe wachipembedzo. Chifukwa chake, pamene Hemry VIII akufuna kuthetsa ukwati ndi mkazi wake, madabwa adaumitsidwa kuti izi zitha kungopanga papa. Pa udindo wotsiriza, ulemerero vii umaseweredwa nthawi imeneyo, ndipo anali kutsutsana ndi njira yosweka.
Zotsatira zake, Heinrich VIII idakulirakulira ndi Rome ndipo idayima panjira yopanga mpingo wa Anglican m'dziko lawo. Posakhalitsa, Anna Boley anavekedwa korona, mkazi watsopano wa mfumu. Zonsezi zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba kwambiri ku Thomas Mora, kuti sanangosiya kumene positi ya Englllor, komanso anathandizanso Nur Elizabeth Bartton Garsen adatsutsa pagulu.
Posakhalitsa Nyumba yamalamulo idayamba "kuchita mpando wachifumu": Kuzindikira gulu la a Henry VIII ndi Anna Bolin lovomerezeka ndi kukana kwa olamulira a Mzera wa TUdor. A Thomas amakana kumwa lumbiro ndipo adali ku nsanja. Mu 1535, adaphedwa kuti aphedwe.
Mu 1935, adawerengedwa kuti akuyenda nkhope ya oyera a Katolika.