Chiphunzitso
Mikhail Salttykov-Shdodrin ndi wolemba wachi Russia, mtolankhani, mkonzi, boma la boma. Ntchito zake zimaphatikizidwa mu maphunziro a sukulu yovomerezeka. Nkhani za wolemba za wolemba siziri pachabe, zimatchedwa mwa iwo - sikuti ndi olemba magwiridwe antchito komanso otchuka, potero amalimbikitsa kuti munthu ndi woyambitsa zomwe akufuna.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Mabuku a mabuku aku Russia ochokera ku banja labwino. Abambo a Erbailyve anali wamkulu wa zaka pafupifupi kotala kuposa okwatirana a Olga Mikhailovna. Mwana wamkazi wa amalonda wa ku Moscow adakwatirana zaka 15 ndipo adasiya mwamuna wake m'mudzi wa spas-kona, yomwe panthawiyo idapezeka m'chigawo cha Tver. Kumeneko, Januware 15, 1826, womaliza mwa ana asanu ndi mmodzi adabadwa pa kalembedwe katsopano - Mikhail. Onse, panali ana amuna atatu ndi ana aakazi atatu m'banja wa Saltykovy (ShDerin - gawo la ma pseud pomaliza pake ndi ana akazi atatu.
Malinga ndi zomwe ofufuzawo ali ndi mbiri ya wolemba, mayiyo, ndi nthawi nyumba yamphamvu yomwe yasonkhezera mtsikana wovuta, amagawana ana pa ziweto ndikugwidwa. Misha pang'ono idazunguliridwa ndi chikondi, koma nthawi zina ankagwera mu rogue. Kunyumba kunali kulira ndikulira. Monga Vladimir Owalensky adalemba m'mafanizo a Samtykov-Shydov, wolemba adafotokoza ubwana wake pokambirana, nthawi ina adatinso kuti amadana ndi "mkazi woyipa'yo," kutsogolera mayi uyu.
A Salttkov amadziwa zilankhulo za ku French ndi Germany, adalandira maphunziro abwino kwambiri oyambilira, omwe adaloledwa kulowa kutanthauzira kwa Moscow. Kuchokera pamenepo, mnyamatayo, yemwe adawonetsa zomwe sizikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi Tsarskoye Nyceruum, momwe maphunziro adawerengedwa ku yunivesite, ndipo maphunziro adatumizidwa malinga ndi piende.
Mabungwe onse awiri ophunzitsira anali otchuka chifukwa chotulutsa gulu la anthu aku Russia. Mwa omaliza maphunziro - Alexander Pushin, Prince Mikhalensky, Wilhelm Khhebrig, Anton Delvig, Ivan Pugchin. Komabe, mosiyana ndi iwo, Saltykov kuchokera kwa mwana wamkazi wosavuta adasanduka chilankhulo chosavomerezeka, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ku Karzer, mnyamata, yemwe sanawoneke apamtima. Tsoka ilo Mikhail Zizindikiro Nickn adatcha "DUKKum."
Mlengalenga m'makoma a Lyceum adathandizira pantchitoyo, ndipo Mikhail potengera omwe adalipopo adayamba kulemba ndakatulo za zowolowa manja. Khalidwe lotere silinasiyidwe lodziwika: Omaliza maphunziro a Lyceum Mikhav adalandira udindo wa mlembi wa koleji, ngakhale anali ndi mlangizi wapamwamba kwambiri m'maphunziro ake.
Kumapeto kwa Lyceum, Mikhail adakhazikika kuti akatumikire mu ofesi ya asitikali ankhondo ndikupitilizabe kufotokoza. Kuphatikiza apo, chidwi ndi ntchito za anthu achi French a French. Mitu yomwe yakwezedwa ndi matembenuzidwe osokoneza bongo adawonetsedwa "zosokoneza" ndipo "zotsutsana".
Izi ndi zofalikira, wolemba woyamba sananenepo. Magazini "Malingaliro Apanyumba" panthawiyo zinali pansi pa andale, amamuganizira moona mtima.
Posankha ntchito yoyang'anira, Salttykov adatumizidwa ku kulumikizidwa ku Vyatka, kupita ku ofesi kwa kazembe. Mu ulalo, kuphatikiza pa ntchito yovomerezeka, Mikhali waphunzirira mbiri yadzikoli, anamasulira zomwe zikuchitika kwa anthu aku Europe, zidapita kwambiri ndikulankhula ndi anthu. A Samtykov pafupifupi adatsala pang'ono kulembedwa m'chigawo, ngakhale atafunafunamo amulangizi a lamulo lankhondo: mu 1855 Alexander Wachiwiri adavekedwa korona pampando wachifumu waufumu, ndipo pafupifupi wamba udzaiwala.
Peter Lanskaya anapulumutsa, woimira mtsogoleri wamkulu, mwamuna wachiwiri Natalia Bushkin. Mothandizidwa ndi mchimwene wake, mtumiki wa zochitika zamkati, Mikhail adabwezedwa ku St. Petersburg ndipo adapereka malo a malangizo apadera mu dipatimenti iyi.
Malembo
Mikhail Encggék amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwa osindikizira mabuku owoneka bwino a Russia, omwe ali ndi chilankhulo cha esopov, zolemba zake komanso nkhani zomwe sizinataye tating'ono. Kwa olemba mbiri, ntchito ya Salttkov-Shdodrin ndiye gwero lodziwa zamakhalidwe ndi miyambo yomwe ikufala m'zaka za zana la 19 la Chishita. Peru wa wolembayo ndi wa mawu akuti "kunenepa", kofewa "ndi" kokoma ".
Pobwerera kuchokera ku ulalo wa Saltkov, zomwe zachitika polumikizana ndi akuluakulu aku Russia adasinthidwanso ndipo Nikolai Shandrin adasindikiza nkhani zamitsempha, zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu ya anthu okhala ku Russia. Zolembazo zinadikirira kuti zikhale bwino kwambiri, dzina la wolemba, kenako limalemba mabuku ambiri, oyambira ", ofufuza", ofufuzawo amawatcha chizindikiro cha mabuku aku Russia .
Pankhani ndi kutentha kwapadera, anthu osavuta - ogwira ntchito olimba amafotokozedwa. Kupanga zithunzi ndi akuluakulu, mikhail Exgggépravich imangoyambira pa maziko a malo a Serfeds, komanso amangoyang'ana mbali yamakhalidwe a malo apamwamba kwambiri komanso chifukwa cha mawu.
Pamwamba pa luso la Russian Pussian Proakik amadziwika kuti "mbiri ya mzinda umodzi". Nkhani ya Sattyric, yodzaza ndi fanizo ndi grotosque, omwe sanayankhe nthawi yomweyo. Kuphatikiza apo, wolemba poyambirira adaimbidwa mlandu kuti amanyoza anthu ndipo amayesa kuimba mlandu mbiri yakale.
Mu ngwazi zazikulu, opanga mzindawo akuwonetsa phale la anthu otchulidwa anthu ndi otsika kwambiri - ziphuphu, ogwira ntchito, opanda chidwi, osayanjana ndi ziweto. Anthu osavuta omwe amachita zinthu zomvera, okonzeka onse amtundu wa imvi, yomwe imagwira ntchito motsimikiza, kungokhala m'mphepete mwa imfa.
Madzi okhalamo ndi mahondard Saltykov-shyrin wachisoni monyinyirika mu "Pisurrome yovomerezeka mu" Pisurrome ". Ntchitoyo, ngakhale kuti ikutchulidwa ngati nthano chabe, sakugawanika kwa ana. A Philosofiaaachiaachiang m'nkhani yokhudza nsomba, lomwe linali ndi mikhalidwe ya anthu, linatha kuti munthu wosungulu yekha, adatsekeredwa pokhapokha, anali osagwirizana.
Cholinga china cha akuluakulu ndi "mwininyumba wamtchire", ntchito yamoyo komanso yosangalatsa yokhala ndi chindapusa cha Zilizism, omwe anthu osavuta amatsutsana ndi wotsogolera.
Ntchito zolemba zolemba za Salttykov-shdodrin idalandira zikwangwani zowonjezera pomwepo zimayamba kugwira ntchito muofesi ya orliotive. Kuyambira 1868, kuwongolera kwa bukuli kwa bukuli ndi wolemba mabuku Nikolai Nekrasov.
Pakuitana kwa anthu omaliza a Mikhalgraph omaliza adatsogolera dipatimenti yoyamba yomwe idayendetsedwa m'buku la zopeka komanso zomasuliridwa. Kuchuluka kwa nkhani zakenso Saltykov-shyrin kumafalanso pamasamba a "Maphunziro".
Pakati pawo - Monterpo wa Monorpo ", Malinga ndi Akuluakulu - Kufufuza Zabanja la wolemba yemwe adakhala wachinyengo," buku lonena za osakhalitsa silinamasulire ku Russia, "Poopadura ndi PomAdirshi", "makalata ochokera m'chigawo."
Mu 1880, buku lina linafalitsidwa mu buku la apoch-witty "- nkhani yokhudza banja, pomwe cholinga chachikulu ndi moyo, ana akhali, banjali sakhala ndi chilamulo cha Mulungu osati kuzindikira chidole cha chidole chofuna kudziwononga.
Moyo Wanu
Ndili ndi mkazi wake Elizabeti, Mikhail Saltykov adakumana ku VYATKA LAT. Mtsikanayo adakhala mwana wamkazi wa wamkulu wa wolemba, wachiwiri wa Grace Avollo Petrovin mattrovich. Wodalirika adapeza ntchito yophunzitsa, chuma chachuma, chankhondo ndi apolisi. Poyamba, mtumiki wodziwa ntchitoyo amawopa kuzizira mchere wa Saltykov, koma patapita nthawi, amunawa anakhala meseme.
M'banja la Lisa adatchedwa Betsy, mtsikanayo adatcha wolemba, yemwe anali wamkulu kuposa wazaka 14, Michel. Komabe, posakhalitsa Bolt adasamutsidwira ku Vladimir mu ntchito, ndipo banja lidapita kumbuyo kwake kwake. Saltykov sanali oletsedwa kusiya malire a Vatka Province. Koma, malinga ndi nthano, iye anaswa chiletso kuti awone wokondedwa.
M'maguluwa adatsutsana ndi ukwati ndi Elizabeth Apolob, Amayi a wolemba, Olga Mikhailovna: Sikuti mkwatibwi yekhayo ali wamkulu kwambiri, moteronso maulendo a mtsikanayo siwokhazikika. Kusiyanako m'zaka zake kunadzetsa kukayikira kwa Vladimir Gice-kazembe. Mikhail anavomera kudikirira chaka chimodzi.
Achinyamata adakwatirana mu June 1856, mayi wa mg wa mkwati paukwati sunabwere. Ubwenzi womwe uli mu banja latsopanoli unali wovuta, anzathu omwe amakangana nawo, kusiyana kwatchulidwa: Mikhail - molunjika, wowongoka, wothamanga, adawopa nyumba yake. Elizabeti, m'malo mwake, ofewa komanso oleza mtima, osalemedwa ndi chidziwitso cha sayansi. A Salttykov sanakonde umagwirira ndi kuphatikizika kwa mkazi wake, amatcha malingaliro a wokwatirana naye "wosafunira chidwi."
Malinga ndi zikumbutso za Prince Vladir Obamonsky, Elizabeth Apolovoovovna mu zokambirana adatenga ndemanga zowoneka bwino, zomwe sizikukhudzana ndi mlanduwu. Wopusa adalimbikitsa mayi wina yemwe amamugwirira ntchito kumapeto kwa moyo wakufa ndipo Mikhal Mikhail Enterggraphy.
Elizabeti ankakonda moyo wake wokongola ndipo anafuna ndalama zoyenera zachuma. Mu izi, mwamunayo, yemwe ankakhala mutu wa kazembe wachifaniziro, amatha kuwathandizabe, koma nthawi zonse amadzibweretsera ngongole ndikuyitanitsa kuti katunduyo asapezeke. Kuchokera ntchito za Salttykov-shyrin ndi maphunziro a moyo wa wolemba, zimadziwika kuti amasewera piyano, kusokonekera mu Winling ndikumva katswiri pa mawu onyansa.
Komabe, Elizabeti ndi Mikhail amakhala palimodzi moyo wake wonse. Mkazi adalembanso ntchito za mwamuna wake, zidakhala mbuye wabwino, atamwalira wolemba mwaluso, chifukwa cha banja silinamveke. Mwana wamkazi wa Elizabeti ndipo mwana wa Konstantin adabadwa muukwati. Anawo sanadziwonetsere momwe adakhumudwitsira abambo otchuka, ndi okondedwa awo. Saltykov adalemba:
"Ochenjera adzakhale ana anga, palibe ndakatulo m'mitima, palibe zikumbukiro za utawaleza."Imfa
Thanzi la wolemba wokalamba, yemwe anali ndi vuto la rheumatism, adatsitsidwa kwambiri kutsekedwa kwa "zolemba zapakhomo" mu 1884. Mu lingaliro lolumikizana la utumiki wa mkati, chilungamo ndi anthu omwe anali ofunika, bukuli linadziwika kuti ndi ogulitsa malingaliro owopsa, ndi ndodo ya bolodi ya olemba - mamembala a gulu lachinsinsi.
Miyezi yomaliza ya moyo wa Salttykov-shyrin adakhala pabedi, alendo omwe adapempha kuti atumizidwe: "Ndili wotanganidwa kwambiri - ndikumwalira." Mikhail Evggggravich adamwalira mu Meyi 1889 kuchokera pamavuto omwe amayambitsidwa ndi chimfine. Malinga ndi kufuna kwa wolemba, adayikidwa pafupi ndi manda a Ivan Turgenev ku Volkovsky manda a St. Petersburg.
Zosangalatsa
- Mchere wa Aristocratic, malinga ndi momwemonso, Mikhail Encggraphich siyikugwira ntchito. Malinga ndi ena, banja lake ndi mbadwa za mtundu wosayikika wa genrus.
- Mikhail saltykov - shyrin adabwera ndi mawu "ofewa".
- Ana a m'banja la olemba adawonekera ukwati wazaka 17.
- Pali mitundu ingapo ya chiyambi cha pseudommm. Woyamba: Anthu ambiri okhala ndi dzina lomaliza amakhala ku malo a Salttykov. Chachiwiri: Shyrin - dzina la wogulitsayo, yemwe amatenga nawo mbali yogawika, ndi momwe wolemba adafufuzira chifukwa cha ntchito yovomerezeka. "French" Version: imodzi mwazosankha zomasulira mawu oti "wowolowa manja" ku French - Mobil. Ndi zokambirana zochulukirapo za wolemba m'ntchito zake.
M'bali
- 1857 - "Gubernskyky Slassays"
- 1869 - "Nkhani yokhudza Momwe Mamuna Onse Awiri Anasinthira"
- 1870 - "Mbiri ya mzinda umodzi"
- 1872 - "Diary ya Enterginc in St. Petersburg"
- 1879 - "Pogona Monorepo"
- 1880 - "Ambuye Gollov"
- 1883 - "Protowod Pikes"
- 1884 - "Karas Word offient"
- 1885 - "Konya"
- 1886 - "Crowber's Crown"
- 1889 - "Poshekhhhna Adali"