Chiphunzitso
M'badwo wasiliva unapereka mabuku aku Russia mayina ambiri. M'modzi mwa oyambitsa mawu a Russian Leonal Andreev ndi mawonekedwe ake achinsinsi amachitika pamanja a maluso a maluso a XX-Xx zaka zambiri.Ubwana ndi Unyamata
Pa Ogasiti 9, 1871, m'banja la Antarer-Mwanalai Ivanovich ndi mwana wamkazi wa mwininyumba wapadzikolo anastasia, anabadwa. Wosaka Leonid wotchedwa, ndipo anali iye kuti alembemo mtsogolo amagwirabe ntchito, ndikukhudzabe mtima, kubisala zingwe zobisika za mzimu.
Andreevs amakhala mumzinda wa orel pa 2nd Pushkar Street - amene wolemba adayikidwa pambali ndi otchulidwa amodzi mwa nkhani zake "Bargamo ndi Gareska". Podzafika nthawi yobadwa kwa mwana, banja la andende lidapeza ndalama zochepa.
Abambo a Leonid ankalemekezedwa ndi oyandikana nawo chifukwa chokhala olimba komanso kukonda chilungamo. Tsoka ilo, Nikolai Ivanovich ankakonda kumwa, ndipo amamwa kumenya nkhondo. Pambuyo pake andreevy adanena kuti adalandira kuchokera kwa abambo ake, mowa. Ndipo kwa amayi, ngakhale kuti sanaphunzire mwaluso, koma ndi nthano yochuluka, ndi mphatso yolenga.
Mu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, mtsogolo adatsamira manja ake ndipo adangokhala chaka chachiwiri. Kuti anali atathamangitsidwa bwino, izi ndi zolembedwa zomwe nthawi zambiri ankalembera anzawo ophunzira nawo. Kenako Leonid anaonetsa talente - amatha "kalembedwe ka", mwachitsanzo, chekhov kapena tolmatoy.
Kuyambira ndili mwana, mnyamatayo anali wokonda kuwerenga, ndipo iye ndiye iyenso analemba pautobigraphy, "Mabuku a Mafuta". Koma mfundo yoti mwana uyu azikhala wolemba, pazaka zoterezi palibe amene amaganiza, kuphatikizapo kudzipereka.
M'masiku asukulu, leonid anali wokonda kujambula. Kalanga ine, ku kwathu kudera lanu kunalibe mwayi woti mudziwe zojambula, zomwe ndiye wolemba kenako adadandaula mobwerezabwereza. Ndipo nthawi ndi nthawi inkatengedwa burashi - kumbali ya ntchito zake Leonid androvine adapanga zithunzi.
Kulemba kwakula powerenga. Leonid awerengere kwambiri: Tolstoy, Hartmanna, Scho Pchoronhauer. Omaliza anali ndi chidwi chachikulu pantchito ya wolemba, makamaka buku "mtendere monga kufuna ndi ulaliki", imodzi ya mabuku omwe amakonda kwambiri. Mothandizidwa ndi olemba omwe amakonda kwambiri mu 15-16 zaka, mnyamatayo adayamba kufunsa "."
Kenako andreev adadzipereka yekha lonjezo kuti awononge ntchito zake mwachikondi, chikhalidwe, chipembedzo, "amaliza moyo wawo nthawi zonse." Mawuwa adziwika ndi mbadwa za wolemba waku Russia, yemwe amapezeka nthawi ya Andreeva Verzynin.
Androv sanadziwe momwe angakhalire modekha, m'mbiri yake yomwe ili pali ngodya zambiri zakuthwa - kuyesera kudzipha, nthiti za nthawi yayitali, chikondi chosatha. Mwambiri, liwu loti "chilakolako" sichingatheke kukhala ndi malingaliro opweteka komanso obisika a wolemba. Kukonda iye kunali koyendetsa, chilengedwe.
Monga wophunzira wa lamulo la Malamulo a St. Petersburg University, Leonid yakakamizidwa kuti aphunzire chifukwa chodzipha chifukwa chosayenera. Chifukwa china chosiya yunivesiteyo chinali imfa ya Atate. Mavuto azachuma a banjali akugwedezeka kwambiri, ndipo, chifukwa chake, anasowa mwayi wolipira maphunziro awo. Kenako andreev adayamba kumwa - ndikulemba. Nkhani yoyamba yonena za wophunzira wanjala adawonekera ndendende, koma sanamulandire m'maofesi ochita bwino.
Anapitiliza wolemba wophunzirayo pa luso laukadaulo wa Moscow University. Leonid adapeza moyo wake ndi banja la m'masiye ndi banja lake. Analembanso zojambula kuti aike. Mwa wophunzira wa mnyamatayu sanakonde andale, mosiyana ndi achichepere, koma nzeru za Neetzsche.
Makamaka pali malingaliro ofanana ndi moyo ndi mtengo wa munthu palokha. Kukhala kunyumba patchuthi mu 1894, Leonid kunagwanso mwachikondi, ndipo sizinachite bwino. Wina adayesa kudzipha. Pambuyo pake, Andreev adalandira matenda osachiritsika (matenda a mtima), omwe pamapeto pake adamponya.
Kutsiriza bwino yunivesite mu 1897, wolemba adakwatirana atachita machimo mpaka 1902. Nthawi yomweyo, Andreev anagwira ntchito yofalitsa mabuku ku Moscow Editions - "Courier" ndi "Moscow Bulfuin".
Malembo
Mu 1898, nkhani ya Andreeva "Bargamot ndi Garaska" idasindikizidwa m'makalata koyamba kwa nthawi yoyamba. Ulemelero unabwera kwa wolemba mu 1901, pambuyo pa bukulo m'magazini ya magaziniyo "Life" nkhani "yomwe inali." Posachedwa Leanid Androv adasiya cholacho ndikupanga mabuku.
Anawomba malembawo, anandidziwitsana ndi kuphika, bunnin ndi olemba ena, odzipereka ngati kutsutsa ndi upangiri. Ntchito ya wolemba adati Maxim Gorky ndikuthandizira kuti amasule nkhani yoyamba, ndipo kufalikira kwakukulu. Zinalinso zinayi chifukwa cha kutchuka.
"Kukhala ndi moyo," anali "Mngelo", "avalya" - osavuta komanso nthawi yomweyo zojambula zowoneka bwino, chifundo cholimbikitsa cholembedwa mwa chilankhulo cha chiwalo cha anthu. Zolemba za nkhani zimakhala pafupi - inde pa 2nd Pushkinn ku Orel.
Nkhani Zasindikizidwa mu 1902 zidapangitsa spores. Wolemba anali kuyankhula za zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndi chete, "za mantha a moyo wa munthu, za mantha, za nzeruzi, zomwe zimavuta kwambiri pamalingaliro amunthu, monga momwe zimakhalira. Mwachitsanzo, m'nkhaniyi "Phompho".
"Wofinya wofiira" wofiyira ", zochitika zowoneka bwino za Nkhondo ya ku Russia-Japan ya 1904, zowopsa. Wolemba nayenso sanamenye nkhondo, koma panali nkhani zokwanira za nyuzipepala zowona ndi maso, motero kuti malingaliro olemera a wolemba komanso wojambulayo adapereka zojambula zowawa za nkhondo.
Pa gawo lotsatira la moyo wakulenga wa Andreev adapanga zochuluka ntchito - zamasewera, nthano: "wolankhulidwa wa satana", "amene alabadira. Yuda Israyeli adayambitsa mikangano yambiri ndikukhulupirira, chifukwa mu nkhaniyi atumwi - anthu wamba, osati achilendo, ndi Yudasi - munthu wachilendo. Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa ku Germany, Chingerezi ndi Chifalansa, kupulumuka zishango zingapo.
Chinthu chazopeka za Leonid Andreeva ku zomwe akuwona ndi kulephera kunena ntchito zomwe wolemba adagwira ntchito ina. Njira zosiyana kwambiri zaluso zomwe wolemba adagwiritsa ntchito, mawonekedwe ake ndi achilendo.
Moyo Wanu
Mu 1902, Andreev adaphatikizidwa ndi ukwati ndi Alexandra veligorskaya, zidzukulu za Taras Shevchenko, ndipo mchaka chomwecho, awiriwo adabadwira woyamba kubadwa. Mu 1906, mwana wa Danieli anabadwa, ndipo Alexander anamwalira ndi kutentha pambuyo pake.
Mu 1908, Leonid Andreev anakwatirana kachiwiri - pa Anna Ilulichna Denisevich (Karnitskaya). Kuchokera kwa ana achiwiri obadwa mwa ana a Sava (1909) ndi Valentine (1912) ndi mwana wamkazi wa Vera (1910). Ana onse asanu anali, monga Atate, anthu olenga.
Osati ambiri amadziwa bwino mfundo ya wolemba: Leonid Androfv sanali nthabwala ku chithunzi. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi amodzi a ambuye abwino kwambiri padziko lapansi omwe amagwira ntchito mu ma avtorhrom. Abale a Lumuere adapanga njirayi, ndipo mpaka 1935 ndiyo njira yokhayo yopezera zithunzi.
Imfa
Kusintha kwa 1917 sikunavomereze wolemba, Bolsheviks adamupangitsa kuti akhale ndi malingaliro olakwika kwambiri. M'chaka cholandila ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, Leonid Andreev amakhala mdziko lino ndipo motero anali atasaka kukwamwa. Kumeneko, m'tawuni ya Asami, Seputembara 12, 1919, Leonid Andreev adamwalira. Choyambitsa kufa mokhazikika chinali zoyipa za mtima. Kuyikanso wolemba pafupi, ku Marika.
Mu 1956, fumbi la Anderuv linabwezedwanso ku Leinterad pamphepete mwa nkhambe. Oiwalika kunja kudziko la wolemba akukumbukira, ndipo kuyambira 1956 ntchito zake zosankhidwa nthawi zambiri zimasindikizidwa. Cholowa chomwe wolemba adachoka, akuphatikiza nkhani 89, zidutswa 20, nkhani 8 ndi nkhani zokwana 8. Malingaliro omwe adalemba ndi wolemba mkamwa mwa ngwazi kapena munthu woyamba wolembedwa ndi mawuwo. Kuyambira 1991, leonid andreeva nyumba akhala akugwira ntchito ku orel.
M'bali
Zidutswa
- 1906 - kwa nyenyezi
- 1907 - Moyo wa Anthu
- 1907 - Sambulu
- 1908 - Mfumu njala
- 1908 - masks akuda
- 1909 - Anatama
- 1909 - Masiku A Moyo Wathu
- 1910 - Ana
- 1910 - Gaidewa.
- 1911 - Nyanja
- 1912 - Ekaterina Ivanovna
- 1912 - Pulofesa Storiitsyn
- 1913 - Ma Sabineans okongola
- 1913 - Osapha
- 1914 - Lingaliro
- 1914 - Samisoni ku Okovas
- 1915 - Yemwe amatenga
- 1915 - Zofunika.
- 1917 - mizure yokongola
- 1922 - galu Waltz
Zojambula ndi Nkhani
- 1903 - Moyo wa Vasily Mlingo
- 1904 - Kuseka kofiyira
- 1907 - Yudaitiot
- 1908 - zolemba zanga
- 1908 - Nkhani yokhudza Isanu ndi iwiri Yopachikidwa
- 1911 - Sasha Zagulav
- 1916 - iGO Nkhondo
- 1919 - Kulemba kwa satana