Biography
The biography of the Scottish Queen of the Sixteenth Century, Mary Stewart, is so replete with tragic events that he served as a reason for inspiration to writers and poets of the world. Therefore, people, far from studying world history, at least superficially heard about the life and drama of the queen.
The fate of Little Mary ordered that almost from the very birth, she was destined to become the queen of Scotland. The Father, who rushes the country during the appearance of a future government, died suddenly when the baby was not fulfilled and the week. Monarch did not survive the defeats of the army in confrontation with England and the death of both sons who remained the last heirs on the male line.
After the death of the acting king, the struggle for the regency for the baby unfold. This struggle reflected the political situation in the country, whose hostage involuntarily became the life of a small queen. The regent was James Hamilton - the closest relative of Stuarts, supporting the influence of England, despite the war of two states. Mother of the girl Maria de Giz, on the contrary, supported the Commonwealth of Scotland with France.
The future faith of Maria Stewart with the heir of one of the opposing states was the strategic task of the territory of the sides. At the age of five, the young queen was sent to France, to the court of Heinrich II, the king and the future mother-in-law Girl.
In France, Maria spent wonderful years, having received a brilliant education, truly royal appeal and honor. In sixteen years, Maria is notified with his first husband, the heir to France - Francis.
Fight for throne
Francis hurt a lot and was weak health. Two years after the wedding, the young man's life was cut off. Maria Medici came to power in France, and the Queen of Scotland came to return to the Motherland, where the mother of Mary's mother was reigning, and the Protestant revolution was raised.
The courtyard, divided, like Scotland, two camps - Protestant and Catholic, tried to lean the queen for one of the parties. Despite the lack of experience, Maria Stewart elected competent and cautious compromise policy. She did not abolish Protestantism, approved by the time the official state religion, but did not cease to communicate with the Catholic Rome. Catholic services continued to be held at the courtyard.
Having received power and strengthened on the Scottish throne, the queen achieved relative peace and stability in the country, although mutual hostility with Elizabeth I, the owner of the English throne, was preserved. Elizabeth was considered illegally born inheritance, and Maria Stewart, according to supporters, had more rights to the throne. Only in the open confrontation of Scotland did not have solved.
Personal life
Young, beautiful, charming and perfectly educated Queen Maria was popular with men. The woman fascinated and circled the head to the heirs and the kings. But the life of the monarch is subordinated to the interests of the state and is inextricably linked with the history of the country. Love wedding is not always possible and justified for the queen.
The marriage was considered a profitable transaction and the beginning of the Union and support of the state. After the death of Francis, the question of marriage Mary Stewart arose about marriage. Elizabeth as a challenger on the hand and the heart of the plaid offered his favorite Robert Dudley. Such a batch caused the indignation of Mary. The Queen could not choose the Queen's lover's woven.
In 1565, the Cousin of Queen Heinrich Stewart arrives in Scotland, Lord Darnley. Outwardly charming, a stateless and high young man attracted Mary's attention and instantly struck her heart. In the same year, the young married that was the cause of discontent of the English Queen and Scottish Protestants. Radically customized leaders of the royal court staged a conspiracy and tried to raise the protest, which Mary managed to suppress, putting considerable efforts.
The newly-made husband quickly disappointed the Queen, being frantic, not ready for testing a man's throne. The government cooled to the spouse, despite discontent part of the yard and the rapid birth of the heir. With the support of approximate Darnley, he organized a conspiracy, and in front of the pregnant Maria Stewart was cruelly killed by her close friend and personal secretary David Riccio.
Going to the cunning, the queen publicly reconciled with her husband and his supporters, making a split into a secret protester coalition. When the rival forces dried up, Maria was dealt with disagreeable aristocrats.
The heart of the queen is given to another man - James Hepbern, and the spouse only interferes. With mysterious circumstances in 1567, Darnley kill in the suburbs of Edinburgh. The residence in which the monarch stopped was blown up. The involvement of Mary to events has not been proven. Historians are still lost in guessing direct involvement in the murder of an infidel wife.
Not at all embarrassed, in the same 1567, guided exclusively by the field of heart, Maria is married to Favorita. This act finally deprives her courtyard support.
Non-primary, aggressive confused protestants in the shortest possible time organize a rebellion and force the Queen to abandon the throne in favor of the Son Yakov, the regent at which one of the protest burners is appointed. It is worth noting that Maria organizes Hepburn to escape from the country, worrying about the life of the beloved.
The overthrown queen was imprisoned in the Lohallen Castle, where, by rumors, secretly gave birth to twins. It is not known, children survived or were born dead, but in the history of Scotland their names were not mentioned. Seducting the warden, Maria fled from imprisonment and went to England, hoping to support Elizabeth.
Death
For the Queen of England, Maria Stewart has always been an unwanted rival and a contender for the kingdom. Naive Scotland did not understand what prevents Elizabeth, and did not realize how the Russian woman would go, who did not have any heirs or personal life. Trying to pull the time, Elizabeth joined the cousin in correspondence, categorically refusing to meet personally.
On Mary lay the prisoner of criminal and men, so the fate of the woman had to decide the Commission of English peers. The charm of the bess and then played the role, it fell in love with it and was ready to marry with the alleged criminal Chairman of the Commission itself.
In the end, the patience of Elizabeth approached the end. Maria became a victim of a cunning conspiracy. The document was deceived, according to which the Scotland commanded to kill Elizabeth. The English Queen signed an order for the execution of Mary Stewart.
Proud of Scotland asked for a fusion death. On the day of ascent on the scaffold, she dodged into the scarlet dress and with a highly raised head went to the executioner. The determination and courage of the woman noted all those present, even the executioner himself. In all, Maria stated that it forgives everyone, and put her head on the fell.
The overthrown and torn queen desired to be buried in France. The last covenant of Mary did not fulfill, burying the remains in England. The son of Mary Yakov, becoming the ruling monarch and king of England in 1603, ordered to transfer the dust of the mother to Westminster Abbey.
Memory
Such a bright and dramatic fate, full tragism, cunning and love, could not not interest writers and poets. The history of Queen's life was described by Friedrich Schiller, Stefan Cweig, Joseph Brodsky dedicated the tragedy of the plaid the cycle of poems "twenty sonnets to Mary Stewart."
The image of the queen is reflected in performances and films. The popular series "Kingdom" tells about the biography of a young queen and arrival on the throne.
Perhaps, none of the women of monarchs paid attention to the art and literature, such a Mary Stewart, the riddle and the tragedy of the life of which was trying to reveal the best writers of the world.
At different times in the movie in the image of the Queen Scottish shone:
- Catherine Hepbrun in the film "Mary Scottish" (1936)
- Inge Keller in Telefilm "Maria Stewart" (1959)
- Vanessa Redgrave in the film "Maria - Queen of Scotland" (1971)
- Clemence Poets in the film "Conspiracy against Crown" (2004)
- Charlotte Winner in the Mini TV series "Queen-Virgin" (2005)
- Barbara Flynn in the mini-series "Elizabeth I" (2005)
- Samantha Morton in the film "Golden Age" (2007)
- Adelaide Kane in the television series "Kingdom" (2013)
- Camilla Ponerford in the film "Maria - Queen of Scotland" (2013)
- Sirsha Ronan in the film "Maria - Queen of Scotland" (2018)