Biography
Dmitry Shemyaka - a persistent and persistent participant of the feudal war in Russia, causes ambiguous assessments of descendants-historians. N. M. Karamzin spoke out about the cruel moral and failure of the prince's policies. However, not all researchers tend to agree with such an assessment of the biography of the rebellion grandson Dmitry Donskoy.Childhood and youth
Dmitry Shemyaka is the second son of the Zvenigorod and Galician Prince Yuri Dmitrievich and his wife Anastasia Yuryevna. Anastasia is the daughter of Smolensky Prince. The marriage that was planned as a means of uniting land, eventually became a strong alliance. The wife supported the spouse, gave birth to her husband four sons.
Grandfather Dmitry - Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy. The older brother of Vasily Kosya and the next after Smeyaka Dmitry (Little) Red supported the struggle for the grand permanent throne in the future. And the younger son Yuri Dmitrievich remained away from political battles and died in monasses even before the start of the family wars of the family.
Dmitry Shemyakov's date of birth remains a mystery for historians. It is known that Yuri married Smolensk Princess in 1400, and Anastasia died in 1422. It is obvious that during this period of time and the biography of the future prince began.
The prince's nickname also has two origin options. According to one of the versions, Shemyaka goes back to the Tatar-Mongolian Word "Chimek", which means decoration in translation. Other historians tend to the fact that it was originally nicknamed as "Sheemyak", whose value is obvious.
As for the name, everything is much easier here. Dmitry Father Nare Son, most likely, in honor of the famous and beloved grandfather's grandfather.
Governing body
After the death of the Grand Duke Vasily I, the only survivor of Vasily II stands on the throne. The young prince gained approval and label on the board and from Tatar-Mongolian Khan. However, Uncle Vasily, Yuri Dmitrievich, father of Dmitry Shemyaki, who had the younger brother Vasily I, disagree with the position of things.
In the 1430s, supported by the sons Vasily, Kosim and Dmitry Shemyaka, Zvenigorodsky and Galitsky Prince fights for the throne with a nephew. The challenger on the Grand Dictionaries broke the warriors of Vasily, and Yuri Dmitrievich enters into a great reign, but in 1434 he leaves life.
The Grand Duke is an arbitrarily present at that time in Moscow Vasily Kosya, which outraged the younger brothers. The descendants of Yuri Dmitrievich are invited to the throne of Vasily II and help drive out of the capital of her older brother.
After receiving support, the graceful Vasily gives Dmitry Shemyak Dmitry in Rzhev and Uglich. Ambitious and power-loving shemyak soon praised the desire to occupy the great throne. The prince wanted to rule Russia, and not separate diets.
In 1445, Vasily was forced to campaign against the Golden Horde, who broke the border of the state. Brother supported Dmitry Shemyak. At the decisive period of battle, the Uglich Prince did not help Vasily, as a result, the battle was lost, and the Grand Duke captives the Ordans.
Dmitry occupies the throne. Captive Vasily II, meanwhile, promised Hanu a huge redemption for freedom, from which the Ordanets could not refuse. In 1446, having enlisted by Tatar-Mongol, Vasily returns the throne. Only here Moscow boyars and clergy were unhappy with the Tatarus.
Dmitry Shemyak took advantage of the shameless authority of Vasily, entered into collusion with the princes Ivan Mozhaisk and Boris Tver. In the same 1446, Dmitry convey about the trip of Vasily to Prayers to the Trinity Monastery. Taking advantage of the lack of ruler, Dmitry, with the support of minions, returns the Board.
The companion Ivan Mozhaisky captures Vasily, Dmitry blinds the opponent, after which he gets the nickname dark. The enemy family is exiled to imprisonment in Uglich. True, a little later under pressure from Metropolitan Ion Vasily Dark Liberated, the enemies reconciled and signed the world agreement.
Vasily got a lot in Vologda, where and went with his family and children. Meanwhile, Dmitry Shemyaki's activity as the Grand Duke did not differ in progress.
The ruler from Dmitry Yuryevich came out cruel, power-loving and talentless. During the reign, arbitrariness, bribery and judicial governments began. The story included an expression on the Shemeyakin Court as an unfair and selling. This opinion on Dmitry policy has developed in the descendants due to the estimate of N. M. Karamzin.
A number of historians do not agree with such an opinion and tend to consider Shemyak by a follower of grandfather's ideas and a wrestler for the legal throne.
Failure in politics, discontent of contemporaries from the highest estates led to the fact that, barely coming to the observed lot, Vasily Dark receives support for minions. Sufficient for resistance of the army gathered with unprecedented speed. Having learned about the brewing attack, Dmitry Shemyaka with Ivan Mozhaysky went out to meet the rebels.
Suddenly, Moscow has passed into possession of the associates of Vasily. Dmitry did not have anything, how to hurry to hide in Galich. In 1447, the reversible prince began negotiations with the enemy, reaching an agreement on the transfer of Uglich land, Rzhev and Bezhetsk Vasily. It is also prescribed to return the treasury and leave attempts to take the throne.
Greedy to power Dmitry was not going to follow the contract. Ready to seek the throne by any paths, he makes trouble among the Novgorod, the inhabitants of Vyatka, defiles the name of Vasily Dark, is looking for support for specific rulers.
The clergy, on the shoulders of which Vasily is entrusted with the court over Shemyaka, tried to exhort Bujan. According to unconfirmed data, Dmitry is even excommunicated from the church and devoted to Anathema. Meanwhile, the collection of bishops and urchorized senders did not have any influence on the rebellious prince. In 1448, Vasily Dark made a campaign for Dmitry. Running warriors, Shemyak agreed to peace.
True, the conditions of the peace agreement Dmitry still did not meet. In 1449, the troops of Shemyaki tried to capture Kostroma, but unsuccessfully. In 1450, the Moscow army approached Galich and won the princely shelves.
The rebellious prince escaped from the dutch settled in Novgorod, was able to capture Ustyug, having hardly straightening those who did not want to obey. In 1952, the Grand Duke went to the liberation of Ustyugan. Scared defeat, Shemyaka retraced back to Novgorod.
Personal life
The exact dates of the prince's personal life events, as well as the details of the destinies, remain unknown. Not earlier than 1436, Dmitry Yurevich took the daughter of the Datrievna's daughter to the daughter of Zaozersky Prince Sophia. Not earlier than 1437, the young spouse gave birth to the Son of Ivan, and not earlier than 1436, Mary's daughter.
After the death of the head of the family, fearing persecutions from the ruler of the state, Dmitry's wife, together with her son, is serving in Lithuania in 1456. The daughter, who had previously married the Novgorod and Pskov Prince, left his life in the same 1456.
Death
In 1453, Vasily sent to Novgorod to Deca Stepan bearded with the order to kill the hated and recurrent Dmitry. Bribeling with the help of approximate chemishers of the cook on the nicknamed toadst, the messenger managed to make a conceived.
In chicken meat, cooked to the table, the cook sank poison. Shemyak, who walked for 12 days, died. The cause of death is confirmed when learning the remains.
According to a number of historians, poisoning is organized by Novgorod princes, tired of the feudal war and confrontation with the Grand Prince.
The reaction of contemporaries to death of the shemyaks became ambiguous. Many outraged the cunning of the crime. From the cruel ruler, he turned into a martyr and sufferer. True, for Vasily serious negative consequences, the death of an obsistent rebel did not bring.
Memory
In literature:
- 1832 - Nikolai Field. "Oath with the coffin of the Lord"
In the paintings of the artists:
- Viktor Muuizhel: "Reconciliation of Vasily II Dark with Shemyaka"
- Victor Muuizhel: "Dmitry Dmitry Shemyaki with Prince Vasily II Dark"
- Karl Gong: "Sophia Vitovtn at the wedding of Dark Vasily"
- Pavel Chistyakov: "At the wedding of the Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich Dark Great Princess Sophia Vitovtna takes away from Prince Vasily Kosovo, Brother Smeyaki, a belt with precious stones, who belonged to Dmitry Donskoy, whom Yuryevichi searched the wrong"
- Boris Chorikov: "Queen Sophia solemnly removes from Prince Vasily Yuryevich Kosovo Kidnapped precious belt Dimitri Donsky, 1433"