Biography
Denis Fonvizin is a Russian writer, translator, playwright and publicist, secretary of the head of Russian diplomacy Nikita Panin. At the same time, became the creator of the national household comedy, a representative of Russian classicism. It became famous for the work of "cheap".Childhood and youth
Denis Ivanovich was born in Moscow in April 1745 in the family of an old German nobleman, whose representatives in the mid-16th century arrived from Germany to Russia. Father of the future writer left the military service in the rank of major, had a modest income. Despite the German roots, except for the Russian language, in childhood the boy did not know any other, so German studied already at school. Unlike other Russian nobles, French taught, already adult.
The Family Family family reigned a patriarchal furnishings, Denis's primary education took at home, like the other 7 children of this family. At the age of 10, he became one of the first who entered the doctrine to the noble gymnasium at Moscow University. His thrust for literature was already very noticeable.
I studied 5 years, Denis enters the Faculty of Philosophy of the University. Together with his younger brother Paul, among other best gymnasisters, boys go to St. Petersburg. During this trip, he got acquainted with Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, as well as Alexander Sumarokov, who at that time was the first leader of the Russian theater. In addition, during the trip, Denis was visited by the theater for the first time in his life, where he watched the staging of the play "Heinrich and Pernill".
During his studies, the young man often translated the articles for university journals, and since 1761 he was engaged in this professionally. The Moscow Trader Books ordered from Phonwan to the Basinie Holberg, and a year later, a man translates the works of Voltaire "Alzira or Americans", the novel "Heroic Virtue, or the life of Sif, Tsar Egypt" and other books. In the following years of life, he had to be translated from various writers.
In parallel with this, at 18, the young man is arranged for public service to Empress Catherine, or rather the secretary of the Cabinet-Minister Elagina. And after 6 years, it becomes serving as a personal secretary to the count of Panin, who later became a trustee.
Literature
At the same time, as Fonvizin translated literature, the first works of the writer began to appear, which wearing sharp satirical tones. Already in 1760, one of them was released. And after 8 years, a satirical comedy called "Brigadier" was presented to the court of readers.
The created play caused public resonance, and although the writer's books, as well as biography, have not yet been known, the man was called to Peterhof. He personally read Comedy Empress Catherine II. "Brigadier" had an unprecedented success, the book was created by the stage performances that did not go with the poster for a long time.
After that, there were other readings that helped the writer to get close to the teacher Paul I - Count Panin, and since 1769 the writer began to serve him. At the same time, continued to develop his creativity, always worked a lot and created new literary masterpieces.
In 1777, Denis Ivanovich goes abroad and the following year and a half lives in France. In 1779, returning to Russia, a man becomes an adviser to the Office at a secret expedition and at the same time deals with the translation of the book "Ta-Gio".
In 1778, after returning from France, Fonvizin begins work on the work of "inexpensive" and ends it to writing in 1782. Today, this book is included in the mandatory program of modern schoolchildren. In the 18th century, the word "inexpensive" called young people of noble origin, not educated. They were not taken to the service and did not give out a document that would allow marriage.
The main characteristics of the book were a fear of a fear, Mrs. Prostakova, and her son-low-herded Mitrofanushka. The play turned out to be straightforward on the problem, but not only it was the reason for the popularity of the book. The work was loved by readers due to memorable bright images of negative heroes, a subtle humor, the liveliness of the dialogues that today use as aphorisms.
At the beginning of 1783, the release of the book "The reasoning of indispensable state laws" was coming, this work was recognized as one of the best in Russian journalism. It was intended to be the future emperor Pavel Petrovich.
In the same year, the writer decides to go on a journey through Europe, but after 2 years he happens the first apoplexic strike, and after another 2 years, a man returns to his homeland. Despite the paralysis, leaving the service, the man is fully engaged in his favorite business. But the last 5-year-old collection of works is welcomed by a sharp disapproval by Catherine II, which prohibits Fonononovin to publish a book.
In his last period of life, a man wrote mainly an article for the magazine. Also, his bibliography was replenished with several dramatic works, among whom "Conversation from Princess Haldina", the comedy "Choosing Gooverber", published only in 1959, and autobiography "Frequent recognition."
An interesting fact from the biography of Denis Ivanovich is that under the life of a man considered Fart. He thoroughly followed the appearance, preferred shoes with big buckles, wore a surpetuk from a sable and decorated with clothes with live flowers.
Personal life
It is often known about the personal life of the famous writer that he himself found it necessary to reflect in the autobiographical work. In "comprehensive recognition", it is described as young Fonvizin, being a 23-year-old Junca, fell in love with the Cook Anna. As he himself described in the book, the woman captured his mind, she touched the heart of the man with his advantages and until the end of the poet did not come out of his thoughts.
The woman was read, intelligent, prone to literature and sang perfectly. Despite all the internal qualities, it did not differ in beauty, but it did not worry the phonvizin, because he also had an ordinary appearance, as evidenced by the portraits of the writer. He even dedicated one of the translations of this woman by writing in dedication:
"You are one of the whole universe for me".Anna answered Denis Ivanovich reciprocity, but could not completely surrender to the feelings, since it was married, a sense of duty did not allow the mistake. Fonvizin was forced to accept that he could not fully enjoy his beloved woman.
The writer married a little later. With the future wife, I met the service when, on behalf of the Empress, a one confusing trial of the widow of the lieutenant was led by the name of the Flap.
In the course of work, the Fonvizin had to contact a lot with Katerina slammed, and the woman fell in love without a memory, which was noticeable for others. At the last meeting of the court, a man even accused that he defends his mistress, and in response, Fononovin stated that he was married to her, and had restrained the promise.
There were no children from Phonwan, but the writer has gained a reliable friend, assistant and support in the face of fragile Katerina. When Denis Ivanovich broke palsy, he lost the ability to speak and could not control his hand, the faithful spouse was like a nannik. Then the man was a little more than 40 years old, and Katerina managed to go out. But after several years, paralysis again fastened the man's body, but he did not stop writing until the last day. And his wife had been near his wife all this time, helped and cared for Denis Ivanovich.
Death
In the last years of the life, Fononovin hurt himself, after the second apoplexic strike, the man almost completely lost mobility, with difficulty moved, but did not stop working.
Denis Ivanovich's death came at the end of 1792 in St. Petersburg, the man was buried at the Lazarevian cemetery of Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
In memory of the Great Writelf, the streets in different cities of Russia are named after Denis Fonvizin, and in 2016, a new station was opened in the Moscow metro station - Phonvizinskaya. In Veliky Novgorod, the figure of a man is present in the sculptural group "Writers and Artists" on the monument "Millennia of Russia".
Bibliography
- 1768 - "Brigadier"
- 1780 - "Callisphen"
- 1782 - "Nepal"
- 1783 - "The argument of indispensable state laws"
- 1783 - "The narration of imaginary deaf and dumb"
- 1786 - "Universal court grammar"
- 1786 - "Life of Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin"
- 1788 - "Admission of uncle to his nephew"
- 1791 - "Frequency recognition in the affairs of my and thoughts"