I-Biograge
Umcabangi wesiDashi uBenedict Spinoza wayeyisakhamuzi esiphambili sekhulu le-VII, okuthi e-Eroch of incane ebelimelela inkambo yaseNtshonalanga Yurophu yemvelo. Ugqugquzelwe imibono kaRené Descartes, wasebenzisa indlela enengqondo futhi wahlelela iphuzu lakhe lokubuka ulwazi, uNkulunkulu kanye nomqondo wempilo.Ubuntwana nentsha
UBenedict, noma uBharuki, uSpinos wazalwa ngoNovemba 24, 1632 emndenini wamaJuda amaDashi - Sephardov, exoshwa ePortugal. Ubaba wayenebhizinisi ethengisayo yezithelo, futhi umama wakhe wamsiza esitolo, wahlanganyela endlini yezindlu wabuka izingane ezinhlanu.
Ngemuva kwamasiko okhokho bezenkolo, isazi sefilosofi esizayo saya esikoleni esikhethekile, lapho, ngaphezu kwezinto zemfundo ejwayelekile, kwafundwa uTalmud nesiHeberu. Lapho, engxenyeni yezincwadi zorabi, wahlangana nemisebenzi yabacabangi basendulo ababehumusha futhi bahumusha isazi semfundiso yenkolo yamaJuda uMose Moside.
Ngokushesha, ngaphansi kokuqala kothisha abanolwazi lukaSawule Montera noMenasha, uBen Israyeli Benedict Massed Azase kaLatas, wafunda isiPutukezi neSpanishi. Waqala ukuba nentshisekelo emisebenzini yezwe, kepha akuzange kuvikele umzali wesiko elidala lamaJuda, ukuba afunde umthandazo olilayo weKadish.
Njengoba esethole ifa, uSpinosa wenqabile ukuqhubeka nebhizinisi lomndeni futhi wanikezwa ubunikazi bomfowabo omncane nodadewethu omdala. Uhlangane noLollegiates futhi ngokushesha waxoshwa emphakathini wamaJuda, ngenxa yalokho akwazile ukuqhubeka nemfundo yawo ekolishi laseJesuit yangasese.
Le nsizwa yabandakanyeka ekutadisheni okujulile kwesayensi yemvelo nefilosofi, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho abanye babenesifiso somsebenzi owabhalwa nguRene Descartes. Ukwenza impilo ngokufunda isiHeberu kanye nokugaya izibuko zamehlo, ezenze kwaba sokwenzeka ukulungiselela ukuphrinta umcimbi wokuqala wesayensi.
Ekupheleni kwawo-1650s, uSpinosa walingisa umbuthano wabacabangi, okwashintsha kakhulu i-biography yakhe futhi wathonya impilo yakhe elandelayo. Wabonwa njengosongo ekuhlonipheni nasekuziphatheni nasekuwohlokeni nase-Amsterdam ngoba wayehlotshaniswa namaProthestani futhi asekelwe obala ubumbano obala.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokwe-Photocopies yamadokhumenti agciniwe, uSpinosa akazange anendaba nokuphila kwakhe, ngakho-ke wayengakaze abe nanoma ngubani umfazi noma izingane. Wahola ubukhona obunesizungu eReinsburg, eVorbühururg ne-Hague, ethola ukugaya kwe-Optics kanye nokuthola iminikelo kubangani.Ifilosofi
Ukuze uhlanganyele ngokukhululeka ngefilosofi, uBenedict wathuthela eningizimu yeHolland futhi wabhala umbhalo womsebenzi "Wezeluleko Ekuthuthukisweni Kwengqondo." Ngaphezu kwalokho, waqala ukusebenza encwadini yokuqala yezincwadi "zokuziphatha" ezidumile futhi wafunda umsebenzi wamalungu eLondon Royal Science Science Society.
Umqondo oyinhloko wemibhalo yalesi sikhathi kwakuwulwazi lomuntu wemvelo yakhe, oholele ongumbhali ekutadisheni kahle okunengqondo kanye ne-metaphysics. Lo mqondo uhlotshaniswa nento engapheli yendawo yonke, okuvela kunoma yiliphi iphuzu lokubuka kwakuyimbangela yayo.
Ukuphikisana kwezitatimende ze-Descartes, obengubani owayebonwa yingqondo, umcabangi oxoshiwe wanikeza konke eduze kwezakhiwo zemfanelo. Ukuchazwa kokucabanga nokwelula kwathathwa njengegalelo ku-Psychology futhi kusetshenziswe ukuzijwayeza izici zomzimba wenyama, onomphefumlo.
Iqiniso lesazi sefilosofi emhlabeni elinqunywe, njengabaningi bemivilo, izimiso zabo zokuziphatha ekuqaleni ekuqaleni zakhiwa ngamakhono emvelo. Ngakho-ke, umqondo wokuthi "intando kaNkulunkulu" wachaza ngezizathu zenhloso, waphawula ngokucabangisisa ngokucatshangwa ngenkululeko yentando nenhlanhla.
Noma yisiphi isenzo, sangaphakathi noma sangaphandle, i-benedict ehambisana nomhlaba wezinto ezibonakalayo, eyayikhona endaweni yonke eyakhelwe "ngokuya ngenqubo yezinto." Umuntu ogodliwe ngumzimba wawo onikezwe abathinta inhliziyo, angafinyelela injabulo nokuvumelana, aqondiswe ngesizathu, okunengqondo, imithetho, izifiso kanye nokuqonda.
Ngokuxuba imiqondo evela ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zolwazi lwefilosofi, abantu kanye nabalandeli bagxekwa, kanti abanye batholwe emiqondweni "yesayensi" yemimoya. Kepha naphezu kwalokhu, izingcaphuno zeSpinoza zasakazeka futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zaba ama-aphorim, ngoba yonke imisebenzi ebhaliwe yanyatheliswa eRussia nasemazweni aseYurophu.
Ukushona
Imbangela yokufa kukaBenedict Spinoza ngoFebhuwari 21, 1677 kwaba yisifo sofuba pulmonary, esasihlotshaniswa nogwayi. Isidumbu sawela ethuneni eliphelele, kwacekelwa phansi impahla nezinhlamvu, kwasinda iziphambeko zefilosofi ezikhishwe ngaphandle kombhali.I-Bibliography
- 1660 - "KuNkulunkulu, Owesilisa Nenjabulo Yakhe"
- 1662 - "Inkomba yokwenziwa ngcono kwengqondo nendlela ethunyelwa kahle olwazini lweqiniso lwezinto"
- 1663 - "Izisekelo zefilosofi yeDescartes ', kufakazelwe yindlela yejometri"
- 1670 - "Imfundiso yezethulo -
- 1677 - "IMISEBENZI YOKUZIPHATHA"
- 1677 - "Izimilo ezifakazelwe ngokulandelana kwejometri futhi zihlukaniswe izingxenye ezinhlanu"
- 1677 - "I-Grammar Grammar"