I-Biograge
Amakhulu eminyaka edlule, izinkulungwane zezimpilo zabantu zathatha izifo, futhi kwabonakala zilwa nazo umuntu angeke azalwe. Igciwane lemvelo lemvelo lizwakala njengesigwebo, lishiya ithuba elincane lelo thuba lamanga: Uma umuntu asinda khona ngaphambi kokuphela kwezinsuku kuhlale isilonda esidilikile. Leli thuba linikeza ubuntu u-Edward Jenner - udokotela ongumNgisi owaqala waqala umuthi wokugomela ukumelana nengxibongo futhi wenza isinyathelo sokuqala sokuthi lesi sifo ekugcineni sagcina siphuthunyiswe esikhathini esedlule.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Edward wazalwa ngonyaka we-1749 edolobheni laseBerkeley, iGloucestershire, emndenini wakwaSefan noSarah Jenner, owaletha izingane eziyisishiyagalolunye. Ngenxa yokuthi uYise womndeni wayengesisekelo sobupristi, umfana wavulwa ithuba lokuthola imfundo enhle. Wayisebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ngokugcwele, eseneminyaka eyi-12 ethatha isinqumo sokuthatha umsebenzi: UJenner wanquma ukuba ngudokotela. Ekuqaleni, wabopha izisekelo zekhono lokuhlinza kudokotela wendawo, wabe esethuthela ezohlala eLondon.
Kusukela ngo-1770, le nsizwa yaqala ukusebenza esibhedlela iSt George, lapho yaqhubeka nokufunda kudokotela ohlinzayo odumile kanye nomzingeli uJohn Hunter, owafaka umfundi wothando ukuze ahlaziywe. Kwakunobungane phakathi kwabo, abakugcinele impilo. Uthole iziqu zezokwelapha ezivela kwa-Edward ngo-1772 eSt Andrews University, lapho avikela khona umsebenzi wakhe ocwaningweni lwamakhambi abantu.
Ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu, le nsizwa yabuyela ezweni lakubo, lapho yaba udokotela. Kamuva wathola lo mkhuba eLondon naseCheltenham, kodwa wahlala engumhlali kaBerkeley kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngesinye isikhathi, uJenner ophethe uBuddies wayethanda izivivinyo ngamabhaluni. Lezi zivivinyo zasiza udokotela ukuba ahlele impilo yomuntu siqu. Indiza eyodwa yaphela epaki ye-Anthony Kingsingcot. Indodakazi yakhe uCatherine yaba ngumkakhe u-Edward ngo-1788. Lowo oshade naye wayenempilo ebuthakathaka futhi washona ngo-1815 evela esifo sofuba, eshiya umyeni wakhe izingane ezintathu.Endodaneni ka-Edward, indoda yaziqhuba ukuqhuma ngokombuva wokugoma igciwane leShasphe. Ukukholelwa e-infolentimal of indlela yakhe, usosayensi wayengesabi ukubeke engcupheni impilo yengane yakhe, futhi wayeqinisile. Leli qiniso le-biography ngonyaka we-1873 lalingenakufa emgqonyeni wase-Italiya wase-Italio.
Umuthi
Ngiseyingane, uGenenera wagonyelwa i-aspan, futhi umfana wawungumude futhi akazange alulame nemiphumela yokukhohlisa, ngaleso sikhathi okwabizwa ngokuthi yiVariolation. Ukugonywa kwengxibongo yemvelo kwenziwa ngenkathi kunesilinganiso sokuvimbela i-immemmelogical, kepha imvamisa kuholele ekutheni izifo ezithathelwanayo zinzima.
U-Edward waya ngenye indlela. OwesiNgisi wabona ukuthi abantu bathatha inkomo ye-OSSU, kepha bakubekezelele kulula kakhulu: akuholeli kumkhuhlane, ukuqubuka okubuhlungu nokuningi kakhulu ukuze kufe isikhumba. Udokotela we-Supervisory uthole ukuthi cishe akakaze athathe ugqozi lwenkomo. UJenner wasunduza uJenner ekuhlolweni ngesibindi: Wethula igciwane lenkomo emaphandleni abafana baseJames Fipps. Njengoba unqobile inyanga nengxenye, udokotela wafaka u-Ospa futhi wabe eseluleme: umzimba wokuhlola usungule ukungavikezeki kokugula nemizamo eyalandela yokufaka uJames kwafakazela ukuthi ukugoma kuyasebenza.
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa, usosayensi ochazwe emsebenzini "ukutadisha umthelela kanye nemiphumela yokugoma kusuka ku-incongpox", eshicilelwe ngo-1798. Incwadi yakhiqiza umphumela omuhle kakhulu. Umphakathi wezenkolo wakwa-Yaro waphikisana neqiniso lokuthi impahla 'yezinto eziphansi' yangeniswa emzimbeni womuntu. Futhi isayensi eqhubekayo yavuma ukuthi ukuvulwa kukaJenner kungukuvukelwa kwenguquko ekulweni ne-PCOS kanye negalelo elikhulu ku-Medicine neMicrobiology.
U-Edward wabeka yonke imizamo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi lokugoma lusakazeka kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Eminyakeni ethile, ukugoma inkomo yenkomo sekusetshenziswe eNgilandi futhi kude nemikhawulo yayo, kuholele ekugcineni ukuthi lesi sifo sinyamalale ebusweni bomhlaba. Iqiniso lokugcina lokutheleleka lalotshwa ngo-1977, futhi kusukela lapho leli gciwane lithathwa ngokusemthethweni.
Ukushona
Iminyaka yokugcina ye-Life Scientist yahambisana nenkazimulo nodumo. Igama elithi "ukugoma" ngokwalo libophekile kulowo advent of Jenner, ngoba livela emgqonyeni weLatin, okusho ukuthi "inkomo". Emfanekisweni wangaphambili weDokotela ekhoneni, le ncwadi ibekwa nesithombe salesi silwane.U-Edward waba yilungu elihlonishwayo lezinhlonipho zesayensi namazwe aseYurophu. Uthole amadigri esayensi, amadili avela kuhulumeni futhi asungulwe esikhungweni se-1803 sokuhlala, okwakuholwa ngasekupheleni kwezinsuku. Usosayensi wafa ngo-1823, imbangela yokufa yahlaselwa. Ukubonga udokotela kugcina sonke isintu, kungase kumangalisi ukuthi inkumbulo yakhe ayifaki hhayi kuphela ezifanekisweni eziningi ezimi ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zeplanethi, kodwa futhi ngesimo se-crater enyangeni, okuyigama lakhe.
I-Bibliography
- 1798 - Uphenyo kwizimbangela nemiphumela ye-variolæ ackonginæ
- 1799 - Ukubuka okwengeziwe ku-Variols VaccinInæ, noma Cow-Pox
- I-1800 - ukuqhubeka kwamaqiniso nokubonwa okuhlobene neVariolæ VaccinInnæ Vccwining
- I-1801 - Umsuka Wokugomela Inoculation