I-Biograge
UMax Ernst, owayezoba yisakhamuzi saseFrance naseJalimane, wayengummeleli oholayo we-avant-garde ngawo-1930-1940s. Ukusebenza ngesitayela se-surrealism, umdwebi wanikeza ama-Dadaism kanye nokuhlolwa ngezinto ezahlukahlukene ezibaziwelweni nasezinhlathini.Ubuntwana nentsha
UMax Ernst yazalwa ngo-April 2, 1891 ku Bruel emndenini uthisha zamaKatolika ezaziphethe wasebenza abayizithulu-futhi-futhi-futhi-futhi-the-day izingane. Umama wayengunkosikazi wasendlini futhi wabheka inzalo eminingi, ezama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingane zisukuma nabantu abafundile nabafundile.
Lo mndeni wawudonsela, ngoba umzali wawungumculi wama-amateur, uvame ukuba nesibindi uMax kanye nabafowethu bemvelo. Umfana onesifiso sokufuna ukwazi abheka izimbali, umfula nezihlahla, futhi imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yafaka ezinye izingane njengesibonelo.
Ngo-1897, u-Ernst osemusha waya esikoleni futhi waba nesithakazelo ngefilosofi, egqamisa kwezinye zesayensi. Wafunda umcimbi kaMax Stinner, futhi wake wafunda kuze kube phakade ukuthi izenzakalo ezibalulekile emhlabeni zenzeka ngokuzumayo.
Imibono enamandla kakhulu ngenxa yalokhu kwakungukuzalwa kodadewabo base-Apollonia nokufa kwesibambiso esithandekayo, okwenzeka ngalolo suku. Inkosi yesikhathi esizayo yanquma ukuthi ingane yathatha impilo yenyoni, futhi yazizwa isikhathi sokuya esinyathelweni esilandelayo.
Ngo-1909, uMax wathola umfundaze eBonn University futhi wakhetha i-psychology yokugula ngokomqondo. Wayefunda kahle amakhono abo nemisebenzi yazo nobuciko futhi aqoqiwe izinto zokwakha, ezazizokwanela ezincwadini ezimbalwa zesayensi.
Njengomfundi, u-Ernst waba abangane nabamele abaningi abanobungcweti bokudala - uHeinrich kampendoncom, uKarl fitture, uJohann Klendan Mac no-Augustus Mac. E-autobiography kwathiwa bekukule nhlangano ethuthukayo ukuthi anqume ngokuqinile ukuze abe umculi futhi acabange ngombukiso wakhe.
Ukukhumbula izifundo zikaBaba, u-Ernist wadweba ama-portraits nama-caricature kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo, izinkulumo ezivakashelwe kwi-Faculty of Arts. Ngemuva kwalokho wathumela imisebenzi eminingi ephumelelayo ku-Bonn Gallery futhi waqala ukulindela ukusabela, kugcwele imizwa ethusayo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, u-Ernst wavuka noLiza Strauss, owazala indodana uJimmy, wabe esefaka isehlukaniso. Ngemuva kobudlelwano obufushane nomculi kanye nomlobi uLeonor, uCarrington Max washada nomuntu waseMelika owathenga iqoqo lomsebenzi wakhe.UPeggy Guggenheim weseka amakhosi futhi waphatha izindaba zakhe, ehlela imibukiso yabangane abaningi nabangane. Kepha lo mshado wawa futhi ngemuva komhlangano noDorotheya Tanning, owenza umdwebi wajabula ngezinsuku ezinde.
Ukupenda
Ngemuva kokwenza ubuqambi kusenesikhathi kwavezwa ku-Experition Experincists, uMark wasungulwa ngamakhono akhe futhi eqinisweni lokuthi wakhetha uhlobo olufanele. Kepha impi yokuqala yezwe yaphoqa ukuthi iya embuthweni wamaJalimane futhi yashaya ngamandla futhi inonya kwaba yinkosi yesikhathi esizayo.
Ngo-1919, u-Ernst wadilizwa esigabeni saseLieutenant futhi, esefikile eCologne, waba nesithakazelo ekuhambeni kwe-Dada ye-avant-garde. Amahlazo ahambisana nabaculi ashaqisayo athatha insizwa, futhi wanquma ukuzama amandla akhe kwinqubo eqhubekayo ye-Collage.
Ngaphansi kwegama eliqanjiwe likaDadamax Ernst, i-buntar esanda kuxhunywa yathola ama-photocatalogs futhi yanelisa imibukiso engajwayelekile, eyayihlanganisa imisebenzi yabantu abagula ngengqondo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakukhona ukuxabana nabazali okunqatshelwe ukuvela ekhaya, futhi kuthakazelisa ubuhlakani obusheshayo isikhathi esithile.
Kodwa-ke, umdwebi wakwazi ukujwayelana nensimu enomqondo ofanayo waseFrance onomqondo ka-Endoire noGalle - imodeli ye-El Salvador Dali. Ubhale isithombe esivumelana nesiqiniseko esibizwa ngokuthi "Izindlovu Chabe" sabe sezikhuluma ngosizi sokuthi zazizinsuku ezijabulisayo.
Ngawo-1920s, lapho usuthuthele eParis ngepasipoti yomunye umuntu, u-Ernst, ophefumulelwe ozakwabo abaningi, wadala umsebenzi owumele. Ngeshwa, ukuze kuhlolwe "umhlangano wabangane" kanye "ne-saddenza enhle", abagxeki kanye nezazi-mlando zobuciko azithathanga unyaka owodwa.
UMax akakaze ashiye imizamo yokuceba futhi adume, asungule amasu amasha, anjengeRertake ne-Boutout. Ukhiphe imikhiqizo yaseshashalazini futhi wabhala amanoveli anemifanekiso, futhi waba ngumlobi wohlobo lwe-nascent, olubizwa nge-Novel-Collage.
Ngo-1931, inhlanhla ebhekwa ngumculi, futhi umsebenzi wakhe wawuqashelwe umbukiso wakhe e-United States. Futhi-ke emsebenzini ka-Ernst, kwaqedwa isikhathi esithelayo kakhulu, lapho ithalente lomdwebi nomdwebi labonakaliswa ngokuphelele.
Ngobusuku bosuku lokuzalwa lwe-52, uMax wabhala isithombe esingokomfanekiso esasihlukaniswe izigaba futhi sasinezingxenye ezingama-52. Emva kwalokho, wadala isithombe esibaziweyo se- "Capricorn" kanye "nokuthunyelwa embhalweni", owaba umfanekiso ophilayo wemibono enesibindi enesibindi se-avant-garde imibono.
Ukushona
Ngo-Ephreli 1, 1976, umculi oneminyaka engu-84 washona, izimbangela zokufa zazingadalulwanga ngesicelo sezihlobo nabangane. Ngemuva komngcwabo emathuneni aseParis, isifiso somsebenzi ka-Ernst sikhule kaningi, futhi waba yiqhawe lemibhalo, imisebenzi yobuciko kanye nezihloko.Imidwebo
- 1916 - "Imibhoshongo"
- 1919 - "Indondo, Hypertrophecked"
- Ngo-1920 - Dada-Gogen
- Ngo-1921 - "Ukukhiqizwa Kwe-BEBE Glue"
- 1921 - "I-Elephant Kebal"
- 1922 - "Umhlangano Wabangani"
- 1922 - "Ukukhula Kwangaphakathi"
- 1923 - "" Petail noma inguquko ebusuku "
- 1937 - "Varvara"
- Ngo-1944 - "Ukuthula"
- Ngo-1945 - "Isilingo seSt Anthony"
- Ngo-1969 - "Ukuzalwa Kwe-Galaxy"