I-Biograge
I-Xenophon ngumlobi wasendulo wamaGrikhi kanye nesazi-mlando esibikayo ingeyemisebenzi eminingana. Kubo, waqoqa imicabango yakhe futhi wanquma umbono wokubukwa kwezindaba zezomnotho, zezepolitiki nezefilosofi. Isibalo esibhaliwe satholakala futhi njengenqubomgomo kanye nomkhuzi.Ukhanda
I-Xenophon yazalwa cishe ngo-430 BC. Ns. e-Athene. Ochwepheshe baphakamisa ukuthi aqhamuka emndenini ocebile owayekhange kubagibeli. Ingane kanye neminyaka yobusha yombhali yadlula ngemuva kwempi yempi yePopoloness. Lokhu kubangela imfundo yezempi ayithola insizwa. Kusukela esemncane, uXenophon wayengumlandeli weSocrates, owayenomthelela ngokwengxenye yomhlaba wonke wombhali.
I-Athene elahlekile empini, kanye nemizwa elwa nentando yeningi eyathatha ingaphezulu endaweni yezwe, yasunduza i-xenophon. Wajoyina uhambo lweKira. Kamuva, umphathi we-Commander wahola izindiza ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwamaGrikhi. Ngokubambisana nalabo abahlanganyeli, le ndoda yabanjwa iBabiloni, yahlanganyela empini yaseKunika, yavakashela i-Armenia naseByzantium, uFrakia nasePergam. EMesopotamia, iqhawe lavuka ekhanda lamasosha amaGreek naseTrande omkhulu kwakuyinduna.
E-Athene, le ndoda yagwetshelwa uMbuso ukuvukela umbuso njengoMkhandlu weSpartan. I-Xenophon ebumbene nombusi weSparta Azhecilam, esebenza ngaphansi kokuphakama kwakhe. Okwesikhashana, i-warlord yachitha endaweni ethunyelwe eduzane nedolobha laseClulynta, lapho lahlanganyela khona emisebenzini ebhaliwe ngaphambi kwempi nama-FIVANS. Impi eLefrakhH imveze ukuthi aphunyuke futhi aphoqelele ukuba athuthele eKorin. Ngaleso sikhathi, lapho lesi sigwebo sichithwa ezweni lakubo, wabuyela e-Athene, kepha i-biography ye-xenophon yayimfushane kungekudala.
Imbangela yokufa komkhuzi kwakuwukuguga. Akunamininingwane ngempilo yomuntu siqu ye-Commander.
Ukudala
Imisebenzi yombhali iye yasinda isesimweni esihle futhi yafinyelela ezinsukwini zethu. Izazi-mlando zihlanganyela izingoma zomlobi ezinkomba - "Ukuxhaswa kuyasebenza", "ukuxolisa", "ukuxolisa", "Pier" kanye "no-Dolopydia" kanye ne-Anabasis "kanye "Umlando wamaGrikhi". Futhi, imisebenzi ye- "Alecilai", "isimo saseLahedamyan", "Gieron", "ekugibeni kwamahhashi" neminye imisebenzi iyaphawulwa ngokwahlukana.Ifilosofi ebalulekile kanye nokubukwa komhlaba kombhali kubonakala kahle emibhalweni. Ukuba ngumvikeli wabantu base-Athene, waphikisana nentando yeningi. UCenophon wayithanda imfundo yeSpartan ngokumfaka njengesibonelo sabase-Athene. Umbhali wayevame ukuchitha imicabango yakhe evela komunye umuntu, ebabhalela izingxoxo ezingafani, umhlanganyeli wazo aphikisa ngawo.
Imikhakha eyisisekelo ye-xenophon ecatshangelwa ukulinyelwa nokufunda unomphela. Washumayela isidingo sekhono lokugcina umnotho nokuba khona kwamakhono empi. Isibalo esibhalwe phansi sithathwa njengomsebenzi wesidingo esikhula ekukhuthazeleni ngokomzimba. Emisebenzini yomlobi, vula uzwela ovulekile kubantu bezindawo ezijwayelekile, eziba yisisekelo sombuso. Kulabo abangathuli futhi bakwazi ukusebenzela inzuzo yeNdlumo.
Ukuqiniswa kwephuzu lokubukwa kwe-xenophon ngalolu daba lwedivaysi yebhizinisi, ubunikazi bezigqila, ubudlelwano phakathi kwamalungu omndeni bekungubumbano lweDoostroy. Lokhu kungukuqedwa kwefilosofi yezendlalelo zomphakathi ezi-aristocrac. Imvelo yeMencacle yomsebenzi ohlelweni lomlobi icabanga ukuthi abalandeli bakhe bazogxila kulezi zincomo emfundweni yomlingiswa kanye nedivayisi yempilo yansuku zonke.
Uhlelo Lombuso kanye nemibono yezepolitiki ye-xenophon echazwe ekwakhekeni kwe-Memoribilius. Akukho kudunyiswa kwamaPheresiya nabaseSpartans, kepha umbhali futhi umele imibono yakhe, wayishicilela ngaphansi kwegama likaSocrates. Lo msebenzi uyisixazululo esiningi lapho isikhundla senqubomgomo simbozwe khona.
Ku- "kropyedia", umbhali wembula imibono yokuphatha, ebona ithonya lezinto zomnotho ngempilo yomphakathi. Umkhiqizo onethani elandisayo uyisibonelo sezinganekwane, i-analogue engekho ngalezozinsuku. Ngokuthinta ifilosofi nokuziphatha, umlobi uvezwa ngesibindi, ukwethembeka, uthando, ukuhlanganisa ukucabanga ngokwazisa okusebenzayo komfundi ngamaqhinga omkhosi, izinhlobo zemishini kanye nokuqeqeshwa okujwayelekile kwabasebenzi.
Imisebenzi yomlando ka- "Anabasis" kanye ne- "Greek umlando" ibhekwa njengemithombo eyisisekelo ethembekile futhi yinani elibonakalayo. I- "Anabasis" ifake nezincwadi eziyi-7. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukushicilelwa kwabasebenzi kwenzeka ngokungaziwa, ngoba emlandweni wamaGrikhi "Umbhali waqaphela: Akazimisele ukukhuluma ngomkhankaso kaKoresi.
Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yefomu elikhulu, umlobi waveza imibono yakhe emibhalweni emincane yezihloko zezepolitiki nezempi. Lokhu kufaka "i-Agecilai", "Gierilai" kanye "nesimo seLac Sedamyan". Lezi zidalwa ziqinisekisa isikhundla se-anti-democratic yombhali, izinhlamvu zikakhonkolo zodumo, zehaba izimfanelo zazo kanye neqiniso elinamandla. Ukukhuluma e-counterweights assaila, isithombe se-Gieron siphenduke ukuba sibi. Kulesi sibonelo, i-xenophon ichaza ikhwalithi enhle nengalungile yombusi.
"ILake Demonian State" liyingxoxo ngemithetho nezinqumo ezibona umuntu obamukele. Kusho okuningi ngohlelo lwe-spartan. Ukulunga kwemibhalo kwakuyindawo eyingxenye yezepolitiki nezomlando ye-xenophon. Wayephutha, ecabanga ukuthi noma yimuphi umbuso, noma ngabe sinjani esikalini, sakwazi ukusebenza ngokwesibonelo se-SPARTA.
Izazi-mlando zinzima ukuthatha usuku lokudalwa kwemisebenzi ngumlobi, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi wayenomzamo, ngesisekelo somlobi abhala ngalo imibhalo yakhe. Amarekhodi anjalo afaka izinkumbulo zokuzijabulisa.
Imisebenzi ye-Finary Sokufunda yehlukile emcabangweni nangobuqotho. Ulimi lomlobi lulula futhi luyaqondakala, ama-laconicicity akhe abukeka ngobuhle. I-Rhetorical Technique nge-analoory, antithes kanye nokuqhathanisa kungukubonisa kwemisebenzi ngayinye ye-xenophon.
I-Bibliography
- "Anabasis"
- "Umlando WamaGrikhi"
- "Kiropedia"
- "Agecilai"
- "Izinkumbulo zikaSocrates"
- "Ukuvikelwa KokweSocrates Enkantolo"
- "Idili"
- "Domostroy"
- "Gieron"
- "ILake Isigaba Sezombusazwe"
- "Imali engenayo ye-Athene"
- "Mayelana Nokuxhumana"
- "Ukuzingela"
- "Hipparch"