I-Biograge
AmaPericles, ogama lakhe eGrisi lasendulo lasho "elizungezwe inkazimulo," kwakuyisikhulumi esivelele, isikhulumi kanye nomholi wamashevu ase-Athene. Indoda yaduma njengomsunguli kanye nomsekeli wentando yeningi yakudala, kanye nendoda eyakha i-Acropolis, ithempeli likaHermes, i-Propellera neParfenon.Ubuntwana nentsha
Amasimu athathwa njengendodana kaXantippa, azalwe cishe ngo-494 BC. Ns. Emndenini, lapho abameleli bokwebelenjwa izingane ezikhazimulayo babehlangene khona esikhathini esidlule. Umugqa wabesilisa uthathe isiqalo kusuka kubukhosi obuhlonishwayo beBuziigov, futhi insikazi ibixhunywe ngama-alkmeonides, ezaziwa ngenqwaba yezingqondo ezikhanyayo.
Ubaba we-Commander yesikhathi esizayo nesikhulumi waba amasosha avelele kanye nezepolitiki, aphenya amaqembu ase-Atheni, endulo ehilelekile empini yeTrojan. Umama, kwakuyigama lika-agarist, wakhulisa abantwana bakaPericla no-Arithront, kanye nentombazane, bahlengiswa nabafowethu bomdabu ephangeni.
Kusukela esizukulwaneni esizukulwaneni esiza esizukulwaneni sawokhokho sombusi wesikhathi esizayo kwakungelokulwa ne-aristocracy yasendulo yamaGrikhi, azange ahlale engenandaba nokuhleleka kwamakhulu eminyaka ashaqisayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, usongo lwasePheresiya e-Athene lwaqiniswa amaqembu abantu abesifazane, abanentshisekelo ekudingisweni nasekulimazeleni imindeni ezinikezele kanye namaqembu agunyaziwe.
Ubaba nomalume wenzalo yama-alkmeons afakwa ngaphansi kwenqubo ye-ostarakism futhi, esedelela ukwedelela komphakathi, waya ebhere iminyaka eyi-10. Le micimbi ibeka umunwe ku-biography yokuqala yama-movietha futhi, ngokusho kwabaphenyi, ishiye inxeba emphefumlweni wezingane nophawu olungabonakali.
Ngaphandle kokunakwa kwesilisa, umfana akakwazanga ukuthola imfundo ehloniphekile, ngoba, njengama-aristocrat amaningi, wabheka othisha abaningi ngenjabulo. Walalela inkambo engekho emthethweni yefilosofi, izincwadi kanye nomqondo womculo, ngokwezinkumbulo zesazi-mlando sikaPlutarch, owachaza izimpilo zabantu abadumile.
Ngaphandle kokuthola amakhono avelele ebusheni, ama-ePrenecres alinde ukubuyiselwa kwabathunjwa, ababengaphambi komnqamulajuqu wokufika e-Athene ngenxa yokungenelela kwamandla aphezulu. Ngokubambisana nabo, le nsizwa yajoyina abasekeli bezinqubomgomo zikaKimoni, ezazisebenzelana nentando yeningi eyaveli futhi yaba iqhawe elaziwayo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokwesitatimende sezazi-mlando, inqwaba yabathandekayo abathi indima yamakhosikazi yayikhona empilweni yomuntu wasendulo. Owokuqala wale kwakuyi-vendela yezenkolo neyokuPhezu Deva Telezippa, kodwa ngenxa yemibono engakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona, lo mshado wawususwe.Njengoba sengihlelile ikusasa lebhonasi elikhethiwe, isiGreki sabandakanyeka ekukhulisweni kwenzalo yegazi ngethemba lokwenza kuXanthip nakumadoda aphambekile. Kepha umbono wehlulekile ngenxa yokuvela komdabu omuhle we-Milestone Apasia, owanikeza iDemontatant ne-Commander izinsuku eziningi ezijabulisayo nezinsuku ezijabulisayo.
Ngeshwa, imithetho eqinile yavimba i-pericla ukuthi ishade nentombazane, ngoba yayingeyona isakhamuzi esigcwele e-Athene. Kepha ngenxa yesikhundla esivelele emphakathini, indodana yesithathu engekho emthethweni yakwazi ukufeza isimo sesakhamuzi esingazange sithole umama.
Akekho ongenaziphi izizathu ezaziwayo, umGrikhi waxabana nendodana endala, kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, u-xentipp waqala ukuzonda ubaba wakhe. Uboshelwe ikusasa nendodakazi kaTisandra, amasithuthi wake wahlangana kanye nejubane, lapho ingane ephakathi nodadewethu beshonile ngenxa yobhubhane.
Ngemuva kwale micimbi edabukisayo, umGreek wasondelana no-Alkiviad, umzala, owayebhekwa njengowemukeli ohloniphekile, ngokungafani noyedwa. Kepha insizwa yokuvelela ayizange ihlangabezane nethemba lokuzuzwa nothisha, ngoba ikhombisa ukuthambekela kobushiqela futhi badelela abantu abavamile.
Inkambo
Endaweni ka-472 BC. Ama-Precles aqonde iqembu lama-Alkmeonides, ngoba ngenxa yenkonzo yezempi eyayivele ikwazile ngokwakhe. Ukusuka ekubuyiseleni emuva kokubukwa kwentando yeningi kanye nomzabalazo onolaka nombusi uKimon wathonya ikusasa lesiGreek futhi wadlala indima enqumayo ekuphepheni kwakhe.
Ukumboza umsebenzi ophikisayo ngokuxhasa ithiyetha yase-Athene, owesilisa, ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, waba ngumlandeli wabayeni abakhazimulayo. Wasebenzisana nombhali wezinguquko ze-Areyopagu nge-efialt futhi wamukele ukudluliswa kwemisebenzi ngumhlangano wabantu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, waba yisakhamuzi esivelele futhi wamukelwa njengomholi wenqubomgomo yasendulo.
Ekhuluma ngengxabano evulekile ne-SPARTA, ukunamathela ngentando yeningi kwaba yicebo elibuhlakani, kepha abantu base-Athene bahlushwa inani elithile ngesikhathi sempi engalingani ngesihluku. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, umkhuzi wasekela ama-aristocrat kanye nezakhamizi ezijwayelekile, ososayensi abakhazimulayo, izazi zefilosofi, abalobi kanye neminye imiqondo ekhanyiselwe.
Ngenxa yalokhu, i-heyday yesiko lasendulo lamaGrikhi laqala, lihlotshaniswa negama loSculptor Fiziya, amafulethi awo agcwalisa i-parfenon eminyakeni edlule. UMbusi wenhlokodolobha wayala ukuba akhe ama-acpellelleans kanye nezithombe zase-Athene, kanye nethempeli likaNkulunkulu uGefesta kanye nomgcinimafa womculo - u-Oden.
Kwezombusazwe, eminyakeni eminingana, amasiboni aqhubeka namasiko kaSolon, futhi inhloko-dolobha yamaGrikhi yaphenduka isikhungo sezomnotho sezwe. Uthando lwezakhamizi ezathola amalungelo angakazalwa nenkululeko evela kuhulumeni lwaqala kanye nenhlala-kahle yomvuzo ofanele ngomsebenzi.
Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, amasithulu afinyelela esimweni esimnandi njengesipika ngenxa yezimo ezingokomoya ezikhulunywa emasimini empi yasePeloponNesea. AmaGreek aphikisa ngempumelelo nabaseSpartans ngokwesekwa kwezinqubomgomo zentando yeningi, kepha le ndaba yathumela amabutho kaKara ngendlela ebulalayo "Anthenian Inhlupho Yase-Athene.
Umbusi ulahlekelwe yithonya lezepolitiki, ukwehluleka okulindile ngesiqalekiso esijwayelekile, wabe esesolwa ngokukhwabanisa ngokwezimali kanye nezinye izono ezinkulu. Noma kunjalo, igama lakhe lalihlonishwa eGreece emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, futhi ngenxa yemizamo yama-biographing yathunjwa emakhulwini eminyaka.
Ukushona
Izinhlekelele, ezitholwe yile ndoda eminyakeni yamuva nje impilo yezithelo, zaphakamisa impilo ye-DEMOMATE futhi yenza buthaka umzimba osekhulile. Ku-429 BC Ns. Ngemuva kokhetho olulandelayo, iqhinga lesiGreek elalikholelwa kafushane ngekusasa lakhe futhi lizwa ithemba.
Ngokwemimeloni yePlutarch, ngosuku lokufa ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa, ojwayelekile nabangane abuthene embhedeni wenqubomgomo ekhazinyulisiwe. Babekhuluma ngokufaneleka kwakhe njengombusi nombusi, esivele sinikezwa izandla zikankulunkulu nobuze.