I-Biograge
UJohn Milton ngesiNgisi, njengo-Alexander Pushkin ngesiRussia, uyimbongi enkulu kunazo zonke futhi uyicabangele okufeziwe okubalulekile. Impilo yakhe nobuqambi bakhe uqobo kwakuncike ngqo esimweni sezombusazwe eBrithani: Waqala njenge-Karl Karl, futhi waqeda kabi futhi eyimpumputhe, kepha edumile kulo lonke elaseYurophu umlobi.Ubuntwana nentsha
Imbongi yazalwa ngoDisemba 9, 1608 eLondon, inhliziyo yaseBrithani, e-Union of Composher uJohn Milton noSara Jeffrey.
Imali engenayo evela emculweni wavumela uJohn Milton ukuthi aqashe umfundisi wangasese omuhle kakhulu edolobheni laseThomas Yang, Master of St. Andrews University, ongowokuzalwa eScotland, ePresbyterian. Kukholelwa ukuthi ngokufanelekile ngaphansi kwethonya lakhe umsebenzi kaJohn Milton - omncane wahamba ngendlela yezinkolo zenkolo.
Isayensi eyisisekelo uJohn Milton Compound esiswini sikaPaul eLondon. Ngemuva kwalokho wangena ekolishi likaKristu eCambridge, owaphothula ngo-1629 endaweni yesine phakathi kwabafundi abangu-24 abahle kakhulu.
Ucwaningo lwanikezwa uJohn Milton, hhayi ngaphandle kobunzima, okuqinisekiswe ukucaphuna komfowabo omncane kaChristopher:
"Wafundwa kakhulu ngenkuthalo, wahlala ngemuva kwezincwadi - kwaze kwaba phakathi kwamabili, kwathi ebusuku."Iqiniso ngukuthi ngalesi sikhathi, imbongi ye-erudite yayingathandeki ukuqonda ukuthi i-Excent of the Izimpikiswano Izindikiso ZeZayaous, Ayihlaziye Iphoqelelwa Yi-Rhetoric. Emzamweni wokunqoba isithukuthezi, uJohn Milton waqala ukubhala izinkondlo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1642, uMariya Powell waba ngumkakhe uJohn Milton. Wagijima kaningana kubazali bakhe, ngeshwa ukubekezelela i-Gradi elungiselelwe: Umehluko phakathi kwabashadikazi wayeyiminyaka eyi-17.Noma kunjalo, umshado uMariya Powell wabeletha izingane ezine - u-Anna (July 7, 1646), uMaria (Okthoba 16, 1648, u-2, 16, 1652. Onkulunkulu bokugcina abaphumeleli, kwathi ngoMeyi 5, 1652, uMary Powell washiya umhlaba wokuphila.
Ukuphela kwendodana kaJohn Milton yafa ebuntwaneni. Amadodakazi ayephila ekuvuthweni, kepha imbongi ayikwazanga ukumisa ubuhlobo obufudumele nabo.
UCatherine Woodkok, owaba ngumkaJohn Milton ngoNovemba 12, 1656, wabhubhisa nesifiso sokuba nezingane. Isisulu sasiyize: lona wesifazane ushonile ngoFebhuwari 3, 1658, futhi nendodakazi yakhe entsha uCatherine izinyanga ezi-4 kamuva.
NgoFebhuwari 24, 1663, uJohn Milton uthole u-Elizabeth Minshall - "owesithathu nowesifazane ongcono kakhulu", njengoba kukhonjisiwe endlini eseManchester, lapho abashade bahlala khona. Naphezu komehluko eminyakeni engama-31, umshado waphenduka wajabula futhi wahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-12, kuze kube sekufeni kwembongi.
Ifilosofi nobuciko
Umsebenzi odume kakhulu emsebenzini kaJohn Milton uyinkondlo "IPharadesi Elilahlekile" (1667). Izazi-mlando Zobuciko bezimanje ze-United Kingdom kanye nezwe lezilimi zesiNgisi zikubheka njengenye yezincwadi ezinkulu kakhulu zezincwadi ezake zadalwa.
Inkondlo emavoluni ayi-12 uJohn Milton wabhala kusukela ngo-1658 kuya ku-1664 anikelwe ekunciphisweni komuntu ngokomzimba. Maphakathi nesakhiwo - uNkulunkulu noSathane bamelana naye, umlando wokudalwa kuka-Adamu no-Eva.
Ngokuphila kukaDaniel Demo) kugxeka imibono kaJohn Milton futhi kwafakwa uphawu kakhulu ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemibono yakhe ngenkolo nangepolitiki. Efakwe kakhulu enkondlweni "elahlekile" yenkondlo.
Isibonelo, kwenye yezincwadi u-Adamu, efuna ukuhlenga izono, ucabanga ukwakha amakhulukhulu ama-altare ukuze akhonze uNkulunkulu. I-Ardungel Mikhail ichaza owokuqala, ukuthi izinto ezibonakalayo ngeke zisize zizwe ubukhona beNkosi. Ngamanye amagama, uJohn Milton uyakugxeka ukuthambekela kwamanje kokuhlanganisa ukholo hhayi imicabango kuNkulunkulu, kodwa ezakhiweni zamatshe.
Izitha zagxeka uJohn Milton, zithi: UPanthen ngempela noSt. Cathedral eSt. Peter eRoma futhi ukuboniswa kokukhulekelwa kwezithombe, kungahlobene nokholo.
UJohn Milton wagawula isikhathi sakhe ngempela. Omunye wabokuqala, waqala ukuphikisana ngemishado nokuhlukaniselana ngaphandle kwesonto. Uma ucabanga ngomlando ka-Adamu no-Eva, okwakumiswe ngokusemthethweni engozini, kodwa hhayi ezulwini, imbongi yathi: Umshado uyisivumelwano esinqunyelwe phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane. UJohn Milton wanaka ngokukhethekile imvume yabaphathi bobabili ngomshado nesehlukaniso.
Indikimba yebhayibheli eyasungulwa "epharadesi elilahlekile", uJohn Milton waqhubeka nenkondlo "yePharadesi elibuyisiwe" (1671). Ngalesi sikhathi enkabeni yesakhiwo - uJesu Kristu, ovela ukuba amelane nezilingo zikaSathane ukwedlula u-Adamu no-Eva. Ekuqondweni kwembongi, iNdodana kaNkulunkulu iyisibonelo sesakhamuzi esihle: Naphezu kokucaca komhlaba wonke okuzungezile kanye nobunzima bezepolitiki, uhlala ethembekile ezimisweni zawo futhi egwema ukuwa.
Ingxenye yebhubesi lemisebenzi kaJohn Milton iqukethe umbono kaNkulunkulu, kepha kukhona kwi-bibliography yakhe kanye nezindlela zezepolitiki. Okudumile kakhulu kubo "AreSopagitika" (1644). Kulomsebenzi, imbongi imele inkululeko yenkulumo bese icindezela.
"Asophagitika" ugxeka ngokuqinile isinqumo sePhalamende lika-1643 ekwethulweni kokulwa kokuqala. UJohn Milton uphawula ukuthi lo mkhuba wawungasetshenziswa ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo ezinesiyaluyalu: eGrisi naseRoma, ngisho nemibhalo ehlanya kakhulu ichithwa ngumphakathi, futhi hhayi "ukushiswa" esiteji sokupela.
UJohn Milton futhi uyakubona ukuthi umzabalazo wabathwali beqiniso ngababhali ngeke ususe isimo emphakathini: Ukuqedwa kwalabo ababhala ngenkohliso ngeke kusize ekuqedeni inkohliso uqobo.
Njengokuyekethisa, uJohn Milton uhlongoza ukuthi abeke incwadi yokucwaswa kuqala, kodwa ukwethula umsebenzi obonisa imininingwane mayelana nombhali kanye nomshicileli ezincwadini ukuze kuvunyelwe ukukhanya noma izincwadi ezihlambalazayo, abanecala ujeziswe.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi i- "AreSopagitika" ayizange ikhombise iPhalamende ukuthi likhansele isinqumo sokubalwa kokuqala. Eqinisweni, inkululeko yenkulumo yayivinjelwe kuze kube ngu-1695.
Ngaphezu kwale misebenzi ebabazekayo, uJohn Milton ushiye ngemuva kwamakhulu ezinkondlo (okudume kakhulu - "izinkondlo ezidumile" "ezihlekisayo" nokuthi "zicabanga"), amapheshana amaningana. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umhlaba uyazi uJohn Milton njengembongi, iningi lemisebenzi yabo waqamba iprosese.
Ukushona
Imbangela yokufa kukaJohn Milton kwakungukuhluleka kwe-renal. Lesi sifo saqala ukuhlukunyezwa imbongi ngeminyaka eyi-1660, futhi saphela ngoNovemba 8, 1674. Umzimba washiswa eSontweni LaseSanta-Giles Crygate eLondon. Ngo-1793, ithuna lahlobisa isikhumbuzo esenziwe nguJohn Bacon.
Iminyaka eyishumi yokugcina ye-biography yakhe, uJohn Milton wachitha ebuphofini nokwesaba ukuboshwa ngemibono emisha.