I-Biograge
U-Antonio Stradivari - inkosi eyaziwayo yokwenza ithuluzi lomnsalo, uNikolo Amati wamfundisa, ubuhlakani babalelwa ku-1600s. Ama-violins angaphezu kuka-400 futhi cishe ama-cello angama-200 abekwe eminyuziyamu kanye nezindawo zokugcina zamadolobha aseYurophu nase-Asia ayagcinwa.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Antonio Stradivari wazalelwa edolobheni lase-Italy uCremona, usuku oluqondile lwe-Master luhlobene nezimfihlo zamakhulu eminyaka adlule. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuphindisela emndenini wezakhamizi ezicebile zaseLombardy kwenzeka engxenyeni yesibili yama-1640s.
Isibongo, esithathe umNtaliyane, sasinomlando ocebile, sahumusha "umgwaqo" noma "umuntu owayeneLombard." Ngokomhlaba, okhokho ababize nge- "stradivarii" bahlanganyela kwezohwebo bangaphandle, balandela indinganiso ekhona.
Ubaba ka-Alessandro nonina ka-Ana ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kuka-Antonio ababhapathizwa, wakhulisa futhi wakhulisa okungenani izingane ezintathu. Igebe elise-biography ye-violin master lihlotshaniswa nokulahleka kwemibhalo ebhujiswa ngenxa yobhubhane, okuholele ekufeni kwezinkulungwane zabantu.
Abazali bomfana abasinda lapho kanzima babefuna ukuba ingane ingane yaba nomsebenzi owusizo. Indodana yanikezwa abaqeqesheli boMdali wendawo we-Violen, ngemuva kwesikhashana uNikolo Amati wenza u-Antonio nomfundi.
Abanye abacwaningi banamuhla babekholelwa ukuthi uStradivari osemusha waqala ngoFradivari noFradesco rujerry, umsunguli we-Masters Dynasty. Ngenxa yalokhu kubukwa, izinsimbi zomculo ezenze ubuhlakani besikhathi esizayo ekupheleni kwawo-1650s zifakazelwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona umbono wokuthi uStradivari usebenze nomjondolo futhi wakhuthaza esihlahleni, wahlotshiswa nge-violins yabantu abacebile. Usedlule inkambo yokuqala yokulungiselela kusuka eFrancesco Peporoli, umfana wawa ngaphansi kwephiko othisha abangochwepheshe abaziwayo eCremona.
I-Violins eyenziwe ngu-Antonio eneminyaka eyi-16-17 ubudala iyagcinwa, igama lakhe lavela kumalebula ngawo-1660s. Leli kwakuyiphuzu lokuqala lomsebenzi ozimele futhi linomthelela empumelelweni elandelayo emibuthanweni yomculo wase-Italiya.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Empilweni yomuntu siqu yomdabu, okhilimu babehanjelwa abesifazane ababili. Unkosikazi wokuqala kwakungu-Italiya, ebusheni bomfelokazi osele. Ngemuva komshado noFrance Farraboshi ngoJulayi 1667, uStradivari wayithola indlu enamakamelo abanzi kanye nomhlangano wokusebenzela.Ukuhlala kweCasadel Pescatore okubhalwe phansi yi-Nikolo Amati impahla kaNikolo, izingane ezinhlanu ezilindelwe isikhathi eside zavela emhlabeni. Lapho-ke lo mbhangqwana womndeni wazalwa omunye umntwana, ngokwemilando yesonto, washona eneminyaka eyishumi nambili.
Endaweni engama-1680, lo mndeni wathuthela ePiazza Roma kwafa, ngo-Antonio waba inani eliqinile lamatshe ayizinkulungwane eziyi-7. E-Attic, indoda yadala izikhungo zokukhiqiza lapho asebenza khona emathuluzinanini abizwa ngokuthi umhlaba.
Ngemuva kokushona konkosikazi wokuqala, uStradivari waphinde washada, ngo-Antonia Maria Zambelli, cishe akukho lutho olwaziwayo. Umfanekiso wase-Italy oneminyaka engu-35 ubudala, owakhele okusele kwempilo yale ndoda, wabonakala eqanjiwe, ngobuntatheli kanye ne-cinema.
Umshado omusha walethwa e-Master of Fivere of Five Ehlukahlukene, owayengubani, ngokusho kwentando, wayenamalungelo afanayo. Ngeshwa, izingane azizange ziqhubeke necala lesiNtaliyane elikhulu, libe yizinkani zesithathu zezikhathi zokunqoba nemikhosi.
Elula
Ebusheni bembangi yeStradivari no-Andrea Gvarnery, owayehlala endlini uNikolo Amati futhi wayephakathi kwabafundi bakhe. Ukubeka izimfihlo zezandla zamakhosi wobuzwe base-Italiya, u-Antonio waqala izivivinyo ngasekupheleni kwangu-1660.
Isikhathi eside, le nsizwa yehlise izilinganiso futhi yathatha izinto zokunikeza amathuluzi ukubukeka okuhle. Ubefuna amakhasimende akhe phakathi kwabasebenzi be-aristocrats futhi walinda i-banker, uma wake wagwaza ukuvakasha emhlanganweni wokusebenzela.
Kusuka ekukhiqizweni kwesethi yamathuluzi okuhloswe ngayo iYakoV II, idumela likakhilimu wendabuko laqala ukuqinisa nokukhula. Ukusuka ezindleleni ezingokoqobo kanye nesitayela sikaNikolo Amati kusize i-Stradivari ukuthi ingadilizwa phansi endaweni yaso yokudala.
Ku-1680s, uDuke Kazimo III de Medici uthenge i-batch eqinile ye-violins, i-cello kanye ne-alto. Ngenxa yemishayo ecacile futhi yaqoshwa kahle i-efam, igama lesiNtaliyane laziwa phakathi kwabamele imibuthano ephakeme.
Emzamweni wokugcizelela ubuntu obuthile, i-Master yajabulela i-varnish emnyama futhi yenziwa ama-deks aphakeme, umsindo osanda kubuyiselwa. Ngemuva kwe-1698, amathuluzi aba mfushane ngenxa yokugoba kwangaphakathi, afana nombuthano osusiwe.
Ngenkathi sisenkabeni yokukhiqizwa kwe-violin etholakala eCremona, uStradivari wenza i-HARP nochungechunge lwe-mandolin nama-guitars. Ama-Spanish Violins adumile avela ku- "Royal Quintet" aletha imali enesi-Italian eqinile.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XVIII, ikhono leStradivari lafika phezulu, futhi eduze nendlu eCremona, wavula isitolo sakhe. Amathuluzi akhuthaziwe athole amagama angokomfanekiso ka-Antonius Stradivarius Cremonfis faciebat anno - "izikhathi ezimnandi" kanye ne- "dolphin".
Ngokungafani no-Andrea Gvarnery, owayesebenza ngesicelo seSonto, u-Antonio wenza imisebenzi yobuciko kubameleli bezendlalelo zezwe. Ama-violins ahlotshiswe ngohlobo lomlobi, ajabulele ukuthandwa okukhulu kubantu abanganaki umculo, abavela emadolobheni aseYurophu.
Uma wahlulela ngemithombo emihle, inani lamathuluzi kaStradivari liveze ukuthi isiNtaliyane saphendukela kusizo lwamadodana. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Omobono wenza izikhala eziluhlaza, futhi wahlanganyela ekuhlanzeni kokugcina kwesendlalelo se-lacquer-ecade.
Ukungafuni ukuchitha isikhathi esiyigugu ekuphakamiseni izizukulwane ezizayo, u-Antonio, ngokungafani namanye amaNtaliyane, akazange athathe umhlangano wabafundi. Umlandeli ongokomoya wabhekwa njengoCarlo Bargonzi emathubeni, ezaziwa ngemva kokushona kukameluleki ekugcineni kwawo-1730s.
Manje i-violins ye-Stradivari, kanye ne-cello no-Alta, zigcinwa eminyuziyamu yomhlaba wonke kanye namaqoqo angasese abantu abadumile. Amathuluzi akwenziwe awathinteki yi-Genius: ngokusetshenziswa okungomnene ngokuhamba kweminyaka iba yigugu kuphela.
Umsebenzi wobuciko obizwa ngokuthi "i-Sunrise" waba yingxenye yeqoqo le-rareback eVienna, kanye "nobuhle bokulala" bungokwama-landetskreditbank Baden Württemburg. Ku-violin, uLebrun udlale i-Maestro Niccolo Paganini, eyakhishwa ngethalente embuthanweni wobuntu baseYurophu.
Eminye imisebenzi ye-Stradivari yabonisa endalini, inani lama- $ 15.89 million lalinethuluzi "Lady Blante". Abamele ama-elite amasiko bakholelwa ukuthi kwindalo yenkosi yase-Italy kufanelekile ukudlala ubuhlakani obunethalente lemvelo.
Ukushona
Inkosi eyiViiptic yayinenhlanhla yokugubha iminyaka engama-90, waba nesimo sokuphila isikhathi eside ezindinganisweni zamakhulu eminyaka akude. I-Stradivari, naphezu kwezinkinga zempilo ezihlobene nobudala, esetshenziswe ekufeni eza ngezizathu ezingaziwa ngasekupheleni kwawo-1730.
Inganekwane yase-Italy yangcwatshwa ezweni lakulo mlando, eCremona, ethuneni, eliseduze kwelinye lamasonto endawo. Emcimbini wokuvalelisa, ohlelwe ngamadodana, amalungu amagama kanye nabathandekayo babathandayo.