I-Biograge
I-waclav gavel ingangena endabeni njengombhali, ukugxeka kanye nokudlala, kepha umsebenzi wakhe wezepolitiki wagqama kangangokuba wasindisa ukulunga kokudala. Esedlule indlela enzima yokulwa nombuso kanye nalomhlambisi, wathatha isihlalo sikaMongameli eRech Republic yaseCzech, eyayingowesilisa iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10.Ubuntwana nentsha
UVaclav wazalwa ngo-Okthoba 5, 1936 ePrague. Umndeni wakwaGavel waceba futhi wanethonya. Umkhulu womfana wakha umbuso wonke enhlokodolobha, ehlanganisa ama-studio wefilimu, izindawo zokudlela kanye nezakhiwo zokuhlala. Impahla eningi yangempela yomndeni yanezele futhi uYise, ohlanganyele naye umfowabo kanye nomfowabo abenze ekwakheni. Ukushada ama-wavy amasiko, umuntu wanamadodana amabili - u-Ivan wazalwa ngemuva kwe-vaplav.
Izihlobo ze-havel olayini kamama nazo bezinzima: umkhulu wahlelela leli phephandaba futhi wabamba isikhundla senxusa lase-Austro-Hungary, kamuva waba nguNgqongqoshe Wezenkolo.
Eminyakeni yesi-6, i-Vaclav yaya esikoleni, futhi kulokhu kwahlangana eminyakeni eminingi yokuhlaselwa kwamaJalimane kweCzechoslovakia. Ngo-1947, washintshela esikoleni egibele izikole zenzelwe abafana bentandane eminyakeni yempi. Inqubomgomo yesikhathi esizayo yathatha lapho, yize ekhona ukuthi umndeni wakwaGave waphila futhi uphilile futhi ingane ingeyendawo ephakeme.
Kodwa-ke, kwakungenzeki ukutadisha isikhathi eside: ngo-1948, amaKhomanisi aqala amandla ezweni, futhi umndeni ocebile walingana nabaphikisi bombuso. Le mpahla yathathwa, futhi umfana wakhishwa esikoleni. Isikhathi esinzima saqala lapho le nsizwa yanquma ukulusa kahle umsebenzi wendlela yamakhemikhali yamakhemikhali. Uthole imfundo kulesi sikole, ngokufana nokuhambela indawo yokuzivocavoca kusihlwa, bese esebenza elabhorethri ehlanganiswe nezifundo e-Czech Technical University yasePrague.
Ngo-1957, iminyaka emi-2, i-Vatlav yahamba yayokhonza ebuthweni lempi, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho kwasebenza ekuthini uchwepheshe weshashalazi. Le nsizwa yethulwe, eyayizame yena njengomqondisi wosizo, futhi ekugcineni wanquma ukuqala ukubhala. Ngesikhathi umfana esevele enesipiliyoni sokugxekwa kwemibhalo, owamnika amandla ahlakaniphile udumo oluthile.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Izinqubomgomo zempilo yomuntu siqu zahlala ebusheni bakhe. Ngonkosikazi wesikhathi esizayo, u-Olga Shplichalova Vatlav wahlangana ngo-1953. Intombazane eyaphendukayo nezimele evela emadolobheni asebenzayo yayimdala kunendoda iminyaka emithathu, kodwa ayizange ibe yisithiyo enoveli yabo. Ushadile, bobabili basebenze enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini futhi banciphise iziphetho zihlangane, kepha uthando lwabo bekufanele lusinde ekuhlolweni okukhulu kakhulu.Ukubamba iqhaza ekunyakazweni kwemibhikisho, ukulalela amafulethi, izinselelo zokuphenywa ngemibuzo, ukuboshwa kwale ndoda kanye nezifo ezilandelayo - yonke le-Olga yayibhekene nokuqinile futhi inesithunzi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla namandla. Ngisho iqiniso lokuthi umyeni akahlali njalo ethembekile, lowo oshade naye wahlupheka ngefilosofi futhi, kwenzeka, ngokwakhe abathanda amanye amadoda.
Ngo-1994 kwaziwa ukuthi intokazi yokuqala yaseCzech Republic yayigula. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili yokulwa nesifo sika-Olga, imbangela yokufa yaba umdlavuza. Abalingani babengenazingane. Ingane yokutholwa kaHavel yatholakala ngo-1997, ishadi umlingisi we-Czech Dagmar Veshkrnova.
Umsebenzi nobuciko
Ngawo-1960, kwashicilelwa imisebenzi yeWaclav. Ukudlala kwakhe "iholide engadini" kufakwa esigabeni sezinkundla zemidlalo yeshashalazi futhi kwathola ukuqashelwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, umlobi wawunzima ezweni lakubo waze wawa ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa.
Le ndoda yabhala le ncwadi, lapho azibonakalisa khona njengomcabangi kanye nesazi sefilosofi. "Amandla we-Essay angenamandla" angabizwa ngokuthi isoftware, ngoba yanqunyelwa kusengaphambili indlela ye-Havel ngokwayo, okuthi nge- "velvet Revolution", ngaphandle kokuchitha ithonsi elilodwa legazi, liphephe izwe, elihlala namashumi eminyaka ngaphansi komthetho imibuso yangaphandle.
Ukuqala imisebenzi yezepolitiki maphakathi nawo-1960s, i-VangLav yajoyina amanani abaphikisi, nangemva kokuhlaselwa kwamasosha eWarsaw eCzechoslovakia ngo-1968 futhi lalikhona yonke into eqondile negunya lamaKhomanisi. Ukukhuthaza imibono yentando yeningi yaseNtshonalanga, uGavel waba ngumgqugquzeli wenhlangano ephikisayo ezweni. Lokhu kwalandelwa ukushushiswa okuningi, ukuboshwa kanye nejele.
Sekukonke, ekuphetheni, uCzech wachitha cishe iminyaka emi-5. Ukuboshwa kokugcina kwenzeka ngo-1989, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho kwakuyisikhathi se- "velvet Revolution", phakathi kwawo abamele amaKhomanisi eqembu lamaKhomanisi basungula. Kwakukhona ushintsho olusobala kwi-ajenda yezepolitiki, nangobusuku bokhetho lukamongameli, abangu-2 babhekwa ngokungathi sína - u-Alexander Dubchek kanye noGacuz. NgoDisemba 29, okwenzeka kwabakwa nguMongameli Czechoslovakia.
Ngalo, amabutho aseSoviet asuselwa ezweni, kwathi ngo-1993, iCzech Republic yaba yi-Independent. Futhi uMongameli wokuqala we-Independent Czech Republic wakhethwa i-gavel. Le ndoda yabamba lokhu okuthunyelwe okungu-2 kwaleli gama elilandelana, eminyakeni yeBhodi ehambisana namakhanda omhlaba wonke njengoBill Clinton, uLech Valens noBoris Yeltsin. Wawela noVladimir Putin, ophendulayo umbuso wakhe obiza kakhulu ngentando yeningi.
UPolintshia weluleke ngokugwema ukunganaki nokunganakwa futhi wakhe ukuphikiswa okuqondayo nokunokuhlangana. Isisho sakhe esivela engxoxweni "engcono iminyaka emihlanu yamaphutha kuneminyaka engama-50 ye-sacotage" yaba yi-commacatcation ebiza ukungayesabi ukuthemba izinqumo zezepolitiki.
Ukushona
Impilo kaMongameli waseCzech yabuyiselwa emuva emishweni yasejele. Ngo-1996, uHavel walahlekelwa yingxenye yamaphaphu, futhi kamuva wasinda ekusebenzeni okukodwa. Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila, indoda yayingabheki njalo kodokotela, njengoba kunezinkinga ezinezindlela zokuphefumula zanda. NgoDisemba 18, 2011, inqubomgomo yayingenjalo.UWaclav wangcwatshwa emkhakheni womndeni wamathuna wamagilebhisi, futhi ukulahlekelwa kwakhe kwakhanywa ukulila kwezinsuku ezintathu. Ukwahlulela ngesithombe setshe lethuna, abezombusazwe ngothuli baphumula ethuneni elilodwa nomfazi wokuqala.
Ukukhumbula
- Imilando kaMongameli wokuqala weCzech Republic inikelwe encwadini ka-Ivan Belyava "Vaclav Gavel. Impilo emlandweni. "
- Ukuhlonipha inqubomgomo ngonyaka ka-2012, i-Prague Airport yaqanjwa.
- Ekuhlonipheni kwe-Merit of the Overe Dinter, isiKhwama Samalungelo Abantu sasungulwa umklomelo onikezwe ababhikishi bokudala.
- Igama le-havel yindawo ePrague neBoulevard e-Ukraine.