I-Biograge
U-Andrei Tupolev ungumuntu ongumklami owenze amakhulu ezinhlobo zezindiza. Ukuphumelela kososayensi ekuthuthukisweni kwamabhizinisi ezindiza kanye nomnikelo ku-Science kufana nokuzuzwa kwe-Sergey Queen e-Rocket Education. I-Man-Era Tupolev yaletha umPharyd wabafundi abaqhubeka nokuphila kwakhe.Ubuntwana nentsha
Umlobi we-aphorism "Fly kuphela indiza enhle" evele ekwindla yango-1888 kule dolobhana lasePustovazovo Tver Per. U-Andrei - Owesithupha bezingane eziyisikhombisa ze-Notary yesifundazwe, umehluko kusuka kwizindawo ezivela kwiCossacks Nikolai Ivanovich Tupolev, ahlanganyele ezolimo, kanye nenhlangano ka-Anna Vasilyevna Lisitsyna.
Lapho u-Andrew ezalwa, uyise wayeneminyaka engama-46 ubudala, futhi umfana wayeneminyaka engama-38 ubudala, futhi umfana wayenabafowethu abadala kanye noKolyya, kanye nodade uNatasha, uTanya, uVera noMasha. Ubaba akazange avumele amalungu omndeni ukuba aze. Ngokusho kwezinkumbulo zomklami wezindiza, ebuntwaneni wadlula ibanga phakathi kwezihloko ezimbili zaseRussia, wakwazi amakhono okubaza kanye namakhono wokucubungula insimbi.
Amandla okusebenzisana nezandla zakhe ayesebenzise futhi elusizo futhi e-Tver Gymnasium, nasesikoleni sezobuchwepheshe esiphakeme saseMoscow, lapho le nsizwa yafika eminyakeni engama-20. Kwisikhungo semfundo sekondali, abazali abakwazanga ukukhokha uhambo lwamadolobha oMbuso WaseRussia, obekuhlongozwayo ukuya kubafundi. Ngemuva kwalokho u-Andrei wanikeza umqondisi weGymnasium ukuyothenga amamodeli wezinkuni ezenziwe yizo. Inhloko yesikhungo semfundo yaqoka imali yohambo lwe-Gymnasian Tupolev evela ezimalini zeNhlangano Yesayensi Yezemvelo.
Esikoleni sezobuchwepheshe, manje esigqoka igama le-Revolvermentar Nikolai Bauman, ikhono lika-Andrei lazisa uMdali we-Aerodynamics Nikolai Zhukovsky futhi alethe le nsizwa ukuba isungule ilabhorethri ye-aerodynamic. Ngo-1910, iTupoleV yayingesikhathi sokuqala nasekugcineni empilweni yashayela indiza - yakhiwe nge-comrade yakhe i-glider, eyadlula emfuleni iJauza futhi yafika e-LevoRELY.
Ebusheni, umklami wezindiza waba nesifiso semisebenzi yezinguquko futhi wangena ephathini yeSerc. Ngokusabalala komfundi wezincwadi ezingekho emthethweni kuboshwe. Eziteshini zasebukhosini zeTupolev, zadedelwa kuphela ngenxa yokufa kukaYise, kepha le nsizwa yathunyelwa ezweni elincane, futhi wakwazi ukuqeda imfundo ephakeme eneminyaka engama-30.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umsebenzi ophumelelayo womklami waba nomthelela emuva emuva nasenjabulweni ethembekile empilweni yomuntu siqu. Ngomkakhe kaJulia, uJulia Zhetyakova Tupolev wahlangana, usebenza njengomhlengikazi esibhedlela ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ngokuhlonipha unkosikazi, u-Andrei Nikolayevich kamuva wabizwa ngokuthi yindodakazi, eyaba udokotela wakhe, nomzukulu wakhe.
Ngokubhalisa emshadweni wokubhalisa nomhlengikazi omuhle, iTupolev yahlala efulethini lomamezala. Umama kaYulia, owayemvelaphi, okokuqala wabheka ukukhethwa kwendodakazi yakhe, kodwa, ngemuva kokuba umkhwenyana wakhe asungule amanzi ashisayo futhi akhe uhhavini owayengabhemi, waguqula isimo sengqondo maqondana no-Andrei.
Unkosikazi waqala uTupolev enomsizi onokwethenjelwa, umhumushi kanye nomqambi ongejwayelekile wendiza yeTupolev yeTu-70 neTu-104, ehole ukukhethwa kwezibani nezindwangu zesikhwama sezihlalo. Eminyakeni evuthiwe, uYulia Nikolaevna wangena nomyeni wakhe ohambweni lwabezinye izizwe.
I-Tupolev edluliselwe nguNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela uDmitry Ustinov, uNgqongqoshe Wemboni Yezindiza nguPeter Dememerieb kanye noMlobi wamazwi weSoviet uSergey Mikhalkuv, ngenxa yobungani abafunda nabo abanguMalume afunda nabo ama-autographs wombhali. Phakathi kokuzilibazisa kuka-Andrei Nikoleyevich kwakuyi-horticulture nokuzingela izigwaca. Kusebuntwaneni, abazukulu beTupolev badlalwa ngamathoyizi okhuni athi umkhulu we-masterle emahoreni okulibazisa ngawo ngokukhethekile.
Inzalo yesidlali sezindiza yaqhubeka nobukhosi bayo. Indodana u-Alexei oneminyaka engu-17 yasebenza kuBaba we-KB njengomqambi futhi yathuthukisa umsila we-fuselage ye-TU-2, futhi eminyakeni yamuva ukuba khona kweSoviet Union kwaholela eMnyangweni we-Aerodynamics Institute yaseMoscow Aviation Institute futhi wadala indiza yokuqala yabagibeli yezwe. Ngo-1995, u-Alexey Andreevich wabamba iqhaza eTikhnonov - i-Tikhnov-Tikhthov block okhethweni oluya e-State Duma.
Umzukulu ka-Andreri Nikolayevich, oqanjwe ngemuva komkhulu, manje usuphethwe yisikhungo ukuthola izifundo zokuthengisa ze-OJSC Tupolev. Indiza yayinendodana-emthonjeni iTupolev Vladimir Von.
I-Avia control
UTupolev nothisha wakhe uNikolay Zhukovsky bakwazile ukukhombisa ubuholi boMbuso osemusha waseSoviet ngesidingo sokuthuthukisa imboni yomoya yasekhaya kanye nokwenzeka kwebhizinisi lendiza lensimbi. Easy, kepha iDuralumin ehlala isikhathi eside ifakwe esikhundleni ezindizeni nasezinkuni ezintekenteke kanye nensimbi esindayo.Ukuqala komqambi kanye nezinhlamvu zokuqala zamagama akhe kwakha amagama endiza yaseSoviet ye-Ant and TU. Kusemkhunjini we-Engineering wacabanga ngeTupolev - Indiza ye-ANT-25 - UValery Chklalov wenza izindiza ezingezona eze-moscow - I-UDD neMoscow Island - North Pole - Isiqhingi saseMelika.
Kodwa-ke, umshayeli wendiza uSigismund Leanevsky ngo-1935 akakwazanga ukwenza indiza ekhangisweni yaseMoscow-San Francisco endizeni yochungechunge olufanayo nokuba khona kukaJoseph Stalin asola iTupolev ekuqondeni i-hydration. Futhi yehlulekile i-ant-20 yezindiza enamandla e-ant-20 ("Maxim Gorky").
Ngo-1937, u-Andrei Nikolayevich nomkakhe baboshwa. Unyaka wokuqala wokuphetha wawunzima kakhulu. Umklami akazange ashaye, kepha wandisa amahora amaningi emi. Ngaphezu kwemvume, i-Tupolev iye yangena iminyaka eminingi yokubambisana ne-French intelligence kanye nobuholi benhlangano ye-anti-soviet.
Umqambi waqala wavuma kuwo wonke amaphuzu okushushiswa, wabe eseqala ukuzifakazelela. UTupolev ugwetshwe iminyaka engu-15 ejele, kodwa ngokushesha izimo zathanjiswa. U-Andrei nikolayevich nabanye abaklami bezindiza abavela ejele laseButycan badluliswa kulowo okuthiwa "charation". Ososayensi bahlanganyela e-Engineering futhi banokondla okugcwele, kodwa bahlukaniswa nemindeni. Ngokuqala kwempi, u-Andrei Nikolayevich wadedelwa wathwebula umlando wobulelesi naye, kwathi ngo-1955 bavuselelwa ngokuphelele.
I-Tupolev, yathuthukiswa yi-Design Bureau of Tupolev Tu-2 (Piking BOMBER) yenza umnikelo omkhulu ekunqobeni: Indiza engu-750 yalolu hlobo lwalolu hlobo. Ngemuva kwempi, u-Andrei Nikolaevich ne-KB yakhe badale i-TU-4 Strategic Bomber.
I-Tupolev nayo ingumbhali we-Soviet Reactive Eark TU-104, i-World Averonic Pravengenger Passengenger Passengenger Asker Tu-144, isithombe sakhe sathunyelwa kuhlobo lweSoviet lwango-1969. Eminyakeni yama-70 yekhulu lama-20, i-OKB, eyenziwe ngu-Andrey Nikolayevich, ngaphansi kobuholi bakaValentina Krnyuk, yathuthukisa umshini wokulahleka kwe-TU-160 nge-geometry eguquguqukayo.
Ukushona
Ekuqaleni kwama-20s ekhulu lama-20, u-Andrei Nikoleyevich ngenxa ye-tuberculosis pneumonia, kwasuswa isibani esisodwa. Odokotela batshele isiguli ukuthi ungaphila isikhathi eside uma ugwema ukugcwala ngokweqile. Ukuboshwa kanye nokusebenza okuqeda amandla kwaholela ekuphindweni kwesifo.
UTupolev ushone ephusheni ngobusuku bukaDisemba 22, 1972. Ngobusuku bokugcina, umklami wezindiza wahlekisa futhi wakhe amacebo eholidini lasehlobo eCrimea. I-Andrei nikoleyevich ethuneni lika-Novodevichy Cemetery yaseMoscow.
Ukukhumbula
- Ngo-1979, umqondisi uDaniel Khrovitsky wakhumula amafilimu "amaphiko" mayelana nama-bikhootha weTupolev kanye ne-Igor SikOrsky e-US. Iqhaza lika-Andrei Nikolayevich lagcwaliseka nguVladislav Stroelchik, no-Igor Ivanovich adale uYuri Yakovlev.
- Igama elithi Tupolev ligqoke i-State Technical University eKazan.
- Kusukela ngo-2018, igama lososayensi labelwa esikhumulweni sezindiza saseMoscow "vnukovo".
- Imigwaqo yeTupolevskaya kanye nemigwaqo yeTupolev kuyo womabili amaCapritals aseRussia, iPrague ne-Ulan-Ude, eKiev nase-Amsterdam.
- Ngo-2016, incwadi ka-Adeli NurmukhametoVa "Andrei Tupolev" yashicilelwa ku- "Amalambu amakhulu ochungechunge lweRussia".
- NgoJuni 6, 2020, esiteshini se-TV "inkanyezi", esevele ikhiphe umjikelezo ngoTupolev, i-Premiere yefilimu "yensimbi ephikisayo yenzeke.
-Zuzayo
- Ama-Hero kathathu wezabasebenzi zeSocialist (1945, 1957, 1972)
- Ama-oda ayisishiyagalombili eLenin
- Ukuhleleka kwe-Okthoba Revolution
- Ama-oda amabili esibhengezo esibomvu
- Umsebenzi ohlonishwayo wesayensi nobuchwepheshe be-RSFSR
- Umklomelo we-Leninsky
- Umklomelo woMbuso we-USSR
- I-Golden Aviation Medal Fai
- Umklomelo weLeonardo da Vinci VININI