I-Biograge
U-Anna Freud - indodakazi ye-Psychoanalystst yase-Austrian, yaqhubeka nokuqhubeka kwesosayensi, njengoba kukhethekile ukukhetha ukwazi kwezingane zentsha. Eminyakeni yoMsebenzi othelayo, owesifazane owazinza e-UK wabhala izincwadi eziningi, izincwadi kanye nezindatshana zezintantatheli.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Anna Freud wazalelwa enhlokodolobha yase-Austrian ngoDisemba 3, 1895 emndenini wososayensi uSigmund Freud nonkosikazi wakhe osemthethweni. Ukuba yingane yesithupha nencane kunazo zonke ze-Xochoanalya edumile, yena esemncane wajoyina amasiko ezwe.
Ngiseyingane, uBaba ngokuyisisekelo akazange anake ingane, wakhulela ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukamama kanye nokunakekelwa kwabafowethu nodadewethu. UNanny, owayesebenza endlini engamahora angama-24 ngosuku, wayengumngane osondelene naye ongabonakala futhi asekele ingxoxo.
Shumeka kusuka ezithombeni ezifuywayoU-Ana utshele umfazi ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe nokwesaba, ngemuva kwesikhathi esikhomba isiphetho sobungcweti. Futhi ukuxhumana nothisha abazimele bamengelwe emndenini kaFreud, kuvame kakhulu kufana nempi evumayo nsuku zonke.
Eminyakeni engu-13 ubudala, intombazane enelukuluku yaba nesithakazelo kulowo mzali, ifundwe futhi iqondanise kakhulu imisebenzi enyatheliswa uFreud. Umbhali wemisebenzi ethintekile kulesi simo uthathe indodakazi yakhe ekuqaleni kwawo-1900s.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, omele amagama adumile emhlabeni wonke angena esikhungweni esikhethekile esasilungiselela othisha. Ebusheni bakhe, wasebenza kuthisha wesikole samakilasi amabanga aphansi, ngokufana nokubheka ukwakheka kwezengqondo zezingane.
Esikhathini sakhe samahhala, u-Ana wazama ukuya ezinkulumo eziyizinkulumo zikababa, lapho ahlangana khona nabantu abanobuhlakani obuhlakani obuqondayo. UFreud ngokuhamba kwesikhathi waba ngumeluleki wakho kanye nothisha wentombazane, ngalesi sinyathelo wakhipha izizathu zenhloso.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokungafani nodadewethu nabafowethu u-Ana babengajabuli empilweni yakhe, wayengenabalandeli abathi indima yabayeni. Isheduli yomsebenzi eqinile ezikhungweni eziningi zesayensi ifake umshado osemthethweni nokuvela kwezingane.Ebusheni bakhe, ngaphezu kwe-psychoanalysis, u-Ana wayethanda ukugwazwa, uyise wathi wawungena esikhundleni sobulili. Abacwaningi be-biography yowesifazane bakholelwa ukuthi empeleni ingqondo kanye nekhono le-psychoanalysis bashaqekile futhi basaba abantu.
Esiphephelweni sikaFreud, ukungqubuzana kwamasosha, okwakuphendukela eYurophu, kwabonakaliswa: Ukuza ePower Adolf Hitler kungawubhubhisa wonke umndeni. Abamele ubuzwe bamaJuda ngemuva kokuphenywa ngemibuzo eminingi eGestapo bakhethe ukuxoshwa ngokuzithandela kwempilo yezinzwa.
Ubaba nomeluleki ngaleso sikhathi bahlushwa isifo esingalapheki, akazange asinde athuthele ensimini yezwe langaphandle. U-Ana, owayecabanga ngomzali, wayehlala eParis naseLondon, lapho imiphumela yempi yezwe yesibili eyethusayo yazizwa kahle.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1910s, u-Ana washiya imisebenzi yabahamba ngezinyawo, ejoyina umbuthano wesayensi wabantu abafundile kakhulu. Intombazane yahlala njalo ebambe iqhaza emicimbini yamazwe omhlaba, lapho kwakukhona abalobi bemibono eminingi ethuthukayo futhi benziwa.
Umgomo weFreudu ngaleso sikhathi ubulungu ku-Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, ngoba lokhu waqhuba isifundo futhi wenza umbiko ozimele. Ukuvunywa kwencazelo yemicabango namaphupho entombi eneminyaka engu-15 eyethukile yaziswa yithangi elihlekisayo ngaphezu kwamalungu kahulumeni ohlonishwayo.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1923, u-Ana waba udokotela owayengudokotela wezengqondo, okhethekile ezinkingeni zentsha nezingane ezincane. Isipiliyoni sikathisha sasiza indodakazi kaSigmund Freud ngaphezu kwezinzuzo nezinto ezishicilelwe ngaleso sikhathi.
Iseluleko sikababa nokubamba iqhaza kwakhe ekuthuthukisweni komsebenzi ogqamile kwaba nomthelela eqinisweni lokuthi u-Ana wenza izikhala zobuholi. Ngemuva kokuthola ukuqashelwa kwamanye amazwe njengonobhala jikelele womphakathi we-psychoanalytic, wadonsela ukunaka kwabanikazi abaningi bezingqondo ezikhanyayo.
Owesifazane wangena impikiswano evela eMelanie Klein evela e-UK, eyafunda i-Pyche yezingane ngokusebenzisa intengo yezinkinga zabantu abadala. I-AUSTRIAS's BASTORT YOKUBUKA KANYE futhi ihlukaniswe ngokugcwele umlingani, osebenza naye kanye nomngane osondelene noDorothy Burning.
Kusetshenziswa amasu nezindlela ezithuthukiswe okhokho abadumile, u-Ana wasungula inkomba esekelwe emcabangweni wokuthi "i". Maphakathi ne-ego-psychology, izingxenye ze-neofreedism, zema okuhlangenwe nakho kwezingane njengokukhombisa ukuba yiyo.
Umcwaningi wesifazane wafaka isicelo esifundweni sohlobo lokuhlukumeza njengendlela eshukumisekayo yokuphendula engemihle ehlose ukumelana nemigomo eyamukelekayo. Ukuqagela kweziphetho emkhakheni we-psychoanalysis yengane kuma-30- 40s kwakungesigaba sokuguqula.
Ngokusebenza neziguli zobusha, u-Ana wajwayelana nelungelo lomndeni, wachaza imiphumela yamaseshini ezincwadini eziningi zesayensi. Iningi lomsebenzi wobuchwepheshe, owesifazane wayezinikele emtholampilo wakhe, amakhulu ezidingo ezidingekayo usizo lwezingane zenzeka ezandleni zakhe.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha kwe-Gaming kubhekwa njengokuba ngumnikelo kusayensi yanamuhla, obekuzuzisa isimo sezisulu zeMpi Yezwe II. Amashumi amacala achazwe emisebenzini yokuqala kwe-psychology ayethakazelisa kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye esiyinkimbinkimbi.
Ozakwethu abavela emazweni amaningi omhlaba babona igunya lika-Ana, imibono eyethulwe emaphepheni wesayensi isetshenziswa kwezokwelapha kuze kube manje. Izincwadi "izindlela ze-ego kanye nokuvikelwa", "Isingeniso ku-Psychoanalysis for othisha" kuma-30s ekhulu lama-20, akhiqizwa emphakathini we-Furre.
Abantu abafunda le misebenzi baheha ukutholakala kwesethulo, kuwo wonke umuntu abenempendulo yombuzo ovelele. Isiqinisekiso sokwelashwa okuphumelelayo kwama-pathologies atshaliwe kwakuthathwa njengokuqedwa okufika ngesikhathi kwezinsongo zangaphandle ezisebenzayo.
IBridgehead yemisebenzi esebenzayo neyesayensi yayingumtholampilo opholile eNgilandi, ngesisekelo sesikhungo sakha izifundo zabantu abathakazelayo. UFreud, owaba nohlelo uqobo lwemfundo eyengeziwe, walungiselela i-Pleiad odokotela abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu.
Ukushona
Ekupheleni kokuphila, u-Ana uhlala endaweni endala eLondon, kwakukhona lapho wayethola ukufa ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo. Emcimbini wokuvalelisa ngo-Okthoba 1982, kwakuhanjelwe inqwaba yabantu.Entandweni yendodakazi, uSigmund Freud wayeyisimemezelo sokushiswa kwesidumbu, uthuli lwabekwa ethuneni, lapho amalungu omndeni ayephumule khona. Indlu enesilungiselelo sokuqala, idokhumenti lomuntu siqu kanye nolobo okugciniwe kwezithombe kwaguqulwa yaba ngumnyuziyamu wososayensi ngabantu abanganaki.
Umsebenzi weSayensi
- Ngo-1926 - "Isingeniso ku-Psychoanalysis kubafundisi"
- Ngo-1936 - "izindlela zokuvikela nezindlela zokuvikela"
- Ngo-1946 - "Ukwelashwa kwe-Psychoanalytic kwezingane"
- Ngo-1965 - "Okujwayelekile ne-Pathological In Countriod: Ukuthuthukiswa Kwentuthuko"
- Ngo-1973 - "Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwezintshisakalo eziphambili zengane"
- 1979 - "Ngaphambi kwezintshisakalo eziphambili zengane"