I-Biograge
Isazi sezengqondo sase-Austrian Alfred Adler sithathwa njengososayensi abavelele bekhulu lama-20. Wabeka izisekelo zezengqondo ngazinye, ezibheka umuntu osenkingeni ngezici zakhe zenhlalo, futhi wethule amagama athi "inxephezelo labaphansi" kanye "nesinxephezelo".Ubuntwana nentsha
Isazi sezengqondo sazalwa ngoFebhuwari 7, 1870 eRudolfsheim, idolobhana elisentshonalanga eVienna, e-Austria-Hungary. Ungowesibili wama-pawlins ayisikhombisa (eMaiden Bir) noLeopold Adler, amaJuda.
I-biography ka-Alfred Adler yayiyinkimbinkimbi, iphelele izinhlekelele nokufa kusukela esemncane. Kusesibusheni, wahlupheka eRakhita, ngenxa yalokho kwafundwa kamuva ukuhamba. Eminyakeni emithathu yalahlekelwa ngumfowabo omncane, owashona eduze kwakhe eCrib. Eminyakeni engu-4 ubudala bathatha ukuvuvukala okukhulu okunjalo kwamaphaphu odokotela abakusho: umfana ulahlekile. Ngokwezinkumbulo zendoda, kwakuyinto ecaphuzwayo eyamgqugquzela ukuba abe udokotela.
Yonke i-Adler echazwe emibhalweni yayisuselwa empilweni yakhe. Ngiseyingane, isazi sezengqondo sasithandwa ontanga, babathola leyo mizwa yenhlonipho nokulingana abangakunikeli umndeni. Kamuva wabhala ukuthi bekubonga ngentshisekelo yeNhlangano umuntu angayibona amandla ayo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Eminyakeni yabafundi, u-Alfred wahlangana nonkosikazi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo uRaisa Timofeevna Epstein, ohlakaniphile nosonhlalonhlaloningi baseRussia, eza eVienna ukuze ashintshile. Umshado udlale ngo-1897.Izingane zazalwa - uValentine (1898 r.), Alexandra (1901 G.), Kurt (1905 R.) neKornelia, noma i-NELLI (1909). Izinqolobane zinezithombe eziningi zomndeni onobungane.
Izingane eziphakathi, u-Alexander noKurt, bangena ezinyathelweni zikaYise nokuphila ngempilo ngengqondo. UValentine wakhetha indlela kamama - waba yi-trotter, eyayicindezelwa kamuva.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
I-Medical Career Alfred Adler iqale njenge-ophthalmologist, yabe isishintshele ku-neurology, kepha inzalo ye-psychology yayisedlulile. Imibono yakhe yayithakazelisa kangangokuba ngo-1902 uSigmund Freud wacela uzakwethu ukuba ahlanganyele neklabhu yengxoxo yangoLwesithathu. Eqinisweni, i-psychoanalysis yavela kule mihlangano.
Njengabantu abaningi, ubudlelwane be-Adle noSigmund Freud abuzange buphume. Ngo-1911, waphuma emphakathini wangoLwesithathu, kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo wasungula inhlangano yezengqondo ngasinye. Ekuqaleni, labo ababheka imibono ka-Alfred babefana kakhulu nefilosofi kaFriedrich Nietzsche, okuyi-psychoanalysis yeFreud.
Umcabangi waphumelela ekwakheni isikole esizimele se-psychotherapy kanye nethiyori yobuntu. Ubeka ukuthuthukiswa komqondo, ozocubungula inhlala-kahle yengqondo yomuntu ohambisana nesimo sakhe senhlalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-Adler ngokweqiniso yenza kahle ukugxila ekuphathweni kwezinkinga ezikhona, kepha ukuvimba ukwenzeka kwawo.
Imibono yabesilisa yakudala ichazwe encwadini ethi "Ndioid Character". Kakade kulawa makhasi, imiqondo yokungaphansi kanye nesinxephezelo ivela.
Isazi sezengqondo sibhala ukuthi abangazi lutho ngomuntu okhululekile ezinkingeni zengqondo basebenza ukuze baguqule ukwehlisa okukhona - ngokomzimba, ngokuziphatha, ngokwengqondo - ekuphakameni okuphakeme kakhulu, okungukuthi, ukuphelela. Endleleni, lolu shintsho lungamela izithiyo zomphakathi kuphela: ukukhuliswa, imvelo, indima emphakathini. U-Adler ukhomba futhi engcupheni ye "Supercomputation". Umuntu ozuze lokhu kuba, njengomthetho, womile wamandla, umlolo onolaka.
Kumqondo wakhe, u-Alfred uthatha indawo ebalulekile ezinsukwini zobuntwana. Encwadini ethi "Isayensi Phila" Ubhala Wezengqondo:
"Izinkumbulo ziyizikhumbuzo. Azikho izinkumbulo ezingahleliwe. Kusuka enanini elingenakubalwa lemibono elenzeka kumuntu osebuntwaneni, inkumbulo ithanda ukugcina kuphela lezo azibheka njengezinkinga zengqondo. "Wayenesithakazelo ku-Adler kanye nenqubo yokuqubuka kwezingane ukukhanyisa. Uthembela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo, waphakamisa ukuthi izibulo lisesimweni esihle, ngoba lijabulela ukunakwa kwabazali bakhe. Kepha ngokuqala kwezingane zesibili nelandelayo ezalandela, uqala ukuzizwa ethotshisiwe. I-Complex of inferity iyakhula.
Ngokusho komcabangi, yizingane ezindala kakhulu zihlala zine-neurosis nemikhuba emibi. Lesi sinxephezelo sokuzibophezela ngokweqile ebuntwaneni ngokwesibonelo, isidingo sokunakekela izihlobo. Izingane ezincane, kunalokho, zikhule, okuholela ekuphathweni okubuthakathaka kwezenhlalo. Kepha izingane eziphakathi ezingakaze zingenexeke ngokweqile, noma ukuntuleka okunjalo, kuvame ukukhula kakhulu kubantu abaphumelelayo.
Kungakho-ke i-Adler ecabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukwenza ukwelashwa nokuqeqeshwa kwabantu abadala abantu abangenampilo ngokomqondo hhayi ngisho nezingane, kodwa nalabo abahlanganyela emfundweni. Iminyaka engama-25, isazi sezengqondo safunda izinkulumo ezikoleni ezikoleni, ezibhedlela, ezikhungweni zomphakathi. Utshele abazali bakhe, abasebenzi bezenhlalo, othisha ukuthi bakhula kanjani ilungu elifanele lomphakathi.
Ngokwengxenye, lezi zifundo zaqoshwa ezihlahleni ze-Adler Bibliography: "Psychology ngamunye njengendlela eya olwazini nokuzazi komuntu", "Qondisa uhlobo lomuntu", "mayelana nesifiso sokuphakama."
Kunzima ukuhlola umnikelo osebenzayo kwi-psychology eyenziwe ngu-Alfred Adler. Ungabeki ukuthi kususwa malini kusuka ezinqeni zokuphansi kanye nesinxephezelo esilandelayo esibuhlungu.
Eminye imibono yalowo ocabangayo yathola impendulo ku-neofreedism, i-GestTs Psychology, iyasebenza nanamuhla. Ubuntu bakhe bencwadi yakhe banamazwe amaningi emazweni amaningi: I-USA, eCanada, e-Austria, Germany, Italy, Israel, Japan, njll.
Ukushona
U-Alfred Adler ushone ngoMeyi 28, 1937 e-Aberdeen, eScotland. Imbangela yokufa yayihlaselwa yinhliziyo. Bathi ube mubi emgwaqweni. Abedlula ngokutakula, bezwa igama, balizwa ezindebeni zakhe: Kurt. Ngomzuzu wokufa, indoda ethile yabiza iNdodana.Umzimba wawukhaphela umlilo endaweni yaseRariston Crematorium e-Edinburgh, kodwa akazange anikezele izihlobo zawo. Iminyaka eminingi, izinsalela zodokotela wezengqondo zithathwa njengelahlekile, kwathi ngo-2007 zitholwe kuma-remositories we-crematorium. Ngo-2011, i-Urn enomlotha ithuthwe eVienna ukuze ingcwatshwe.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1912 - "Ohlelweni olungahambisani"
- Ngo-1914 - "phatha futhi ufundise"
- 1919 - "Olunye uhlangothi. Isisindo "
- Ngo-1938 - "Inzalo Yezenhlalo: Inselelo isintu"
- Ngo-1926 - "Psychology ngamunye njengendlela eya olwazini nokuzazi komuntu"
- Ngo-1928 - "Ama-Essays ku-Psychology yomuntu ngamunye"
- Ngo-1929 - "I-Psychology yomuntu ngamunye kanye nentuthuko yengane"
- 1929 - "Isayensi Phile"
- 1932 - "Inqubo yokwelashwa"