I-Biograge
Isazi sefilosofi sesiNgisi, uthisha kanye noSomali Social, uRobert Owen wayemiselwe ukuba ngomunye wabaguquli bokuqala komphakathi ngekhulu le-19. Indoda ihlelele ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba izinzuzo zinakekele ukuthi abasebenzi bakhe babezoba nezimo ezinhle zokusebenza. U-Owen wazama ukufakazela nesibonelo sakhe sokuthi isimo somuntu esisebenza esisebenzini esiqashiwe ngeke nje sikhuthaze ukusebenza kahle, kodwa futhi sakha imvelo ephelele kakhulu kukho.Ubuntwana nentsha
URobert wazalwa ngonyaka we-1771 eWales Town Newtown futhi kusukela ebuntwaneni kwahlukaniswa ngeNundlatical nelukuluku. Uyise wayeneposi futhi wahlanganyela ekwakheni amasango. Indoda yema ngokuqinile ezinyaweni zayo, yantula izinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni, kepha indodana yakhe yazivumela ukuba ibe ngesibindi amaphupho anesibindi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ahamba ngayo njengomAngo. Ingane yayiyincane kakhulu kwezingane eziyisikhombisa ezavusa umama, indodakazi yomlimi wendawo. Imfundo yamabanga aphansi ka-Owen itholwe esikoleni sasePherishi, kodwa yasheshe yabona ukuthi ifuna ukuqonda impilo ngokusebenzisa izisebenzi.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-10, washiya idolobhana lakubo wahamba wayobheka izikhungo ezinkulu zezimboni, lapho azama khona ukuthola ukusetshenziswa kwamathalenta akhe. Iphuzu lokuqala lokuma kwakunguLondon, lapho kwakuhlala khona umfowethu umdala, ngemuva kokuba uYise owayembiza ubuciko bebunzi bakhe lobudado. Ingane yaqala ukusebenza njengomsizi kumnikazi wesitolo sezindwangu futhi isebenze phambi komabhalane. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, washintsha le ndawo, kodwa abaqashi bahlukana nensizwa enqabile ezisola ngayo.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-14, u-Owen wazibheka ecebile, ethola iholo eliqinile, elalingakaze, ngoba umsebenzi waphila kukho konke sekumi ngomumo. Abaniniyo, abanikazi bendawo yokugcina impahla ethengiswayo ye-Sutterfield Woolen eManchester, babonga i-Claadist encane, eyahlukaniswa ngokoqobo, ubuhlakani kanye nomuntu onamandla, ngenkathi kuhlala umuntu onesizotha, ovulekile futhi othembekile.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umfana wezemfundo wakudala akazange athole, wayehlala ethola isikhathi sokufunda izincwadi, ekuqaleni lapho emunca ngokucabanga. Ngiseyingane, wafunda konke emitatsheni yolwazi yomfundisi, udokotela kanye neNewtown yaseNewtown, kusuka kumanoveli we-adventure kuya ezinkolweni zezenkolo. Insizakalo ezitolo zokukhiqiza ayiphazamisanga ukuxhumana nomphakathi ohlakaniphile, ukuthanda ifilosofi nezincwadi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu yendoda yahlala ngenkathi ihambela eScotland, lapho uRobert wathandana no-Ann Caroline, ePhilanthrop waseGlasgow kanye nomnikazi wefektri yendwangu eNew Lanarka. Ngemuva kokubhaliswa komshado ngoSepthemba 30, 1799, u-Owen wahlala eNew Lanarka, kodwa kamuva wathuthela eBrexfield, eScotland.Izingane eziyisishiyagalombili zazalwa emshadweni, kodwa izibulo lafa ebuntwaneni. Amadodana amane nendodakazi eyodwa ehamba noYise e-United States, lapho kwaqalwa khona izimpande, ziba izakhamuzi zaseNdiya. Ngokubambisana nomzali, bazama ukwakha "ukuvumelana okusha" kuhlangana, kepha le phrojekthi, emunca cishe yonke imali ye-Outna, yehlulekile. Umlingani onamadodakazi amabili ahlala ehlala e-UK.
Ukukhuthala
Ibhizinisi lokuqala elizimele uRobert liqale lapho engekho eminyakeni engama-20 ubudala, inhlokodolobha yokuqala ihamba isuka kumfowabo. Wahlala ukujikeleza ukukhiqizwa futhi wenza ekwelapheni ukotini, okokuqala asebenze ngokuzimela ngosizo lwabasebenzi ababili noma abathathu abaqashiwe. Ngokushesha le nsizwa yaba ngumnikazi waba ngumnikazi wendwangu. Njengoba usuthuthele eNew Lanarka, u-Owen wanquma ukuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwezenhlalo, isisekelo sawo kwakuyimboni yangaphambili yokuhlolwa kwakhe.
Ukunciphisa usuku lokusebenza kanye nokwanda kweholo, i-Reformer yethule nohlelo lwe- "Patonage", okuhloswe ngalo ukukhulisa abasebenzi bemvelo esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu. Ngokwemibono ye-pedagogical kaRobert, umuntu wakha i-medium, futhi umsebenzi uba yimfuneko yentuthuko yayo ephelele. Inhloso yemfundo ukwakheka komuntu ongacabanga ngokuzimela nangokomqondo.
Umlobi wavimbela imibono yakhe esikhungweni esisha sokwakhiwa komlingiswa, evuleke ngo-1816. Le nhlangano yabandakanyeka ekwakhekeni nasekukhanyisweni kwamasiko kwezingane, intsha kanye nabasebenzi abasebancane. Ngemuva kwalokhu, indoda idale iphrojekthi yokuhlanza imichilo futhi yacela ukuhlelwa kabusha kobudlelwano bokukhiqiza. OwesiNgisi wazama ngenkuthalo ukulwa nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi futhi wenza izinyathelo zokuqala zokwakha umthetho wefektri.
Njenge-Charle Fourier, u-Owen wayethathwa njengomuntu otopiya, kodwa akuzange akuhluphe ngokukhululeka ukuzama ukuhlanganisa imibono enesibindi. Njengoba usuthuthele eMelika, eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala uRobert unikezelwe ekwakhiweni komphakathi wamaKhomanisi wezenhlalo osebenza ngokulinganayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isivivinyo sehlulekile, indoda yaqhubeka nokusebenzisa amaphrojekthi ngesibindi. Ngakho-ke, ukubuyela eNgilandi, ngo-1832 wavula "iBirja of Labour Exchange", lapho azama ukuqeda imali futhi asungule inzuzo eqondile phakathi kwabakhiqizi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwenziwa akuzange kuthweswe umqhele ngempumelelo.
U-Owen ungumnikazi wemibono eminingi kanye namaphrojekthi asazoqhubeka: Ukhulume ngokuvinjwa kwemfundo yezingane nemfundo ephoqelekile, ekwethulweni kwamazinga wosuku lokusebenza, inhlangano yezinyunyana kanye nama-cooperatives. Imibono yokubambisana kokukhiqiza esikhathini esizayo yathuthukisa omunye uMilliam William King.
Ukushona
U-Owen waphila impilo ende egcwele, ekugcineni kwemibono eyisisekelo eyayisekwe ekubalekeni. Kodwa-ke, uRobert waba nendilinga yabalandeli abathembekile abaphefumulelwe imibono yayo yezomnotho kanye namaphupho wezenhlalo. Ukugcina ingqondo ekhanyayo, umusa nobuntu, le ndoda isabaheha abantu kuye, kodwa imvamisa yayingakaze ibonakale ngobucayi obudala, naye owaba nesifiso sokufundisa nokungokomoya.Akuzange kuvimbele u-Owen ukuthi abhale izindatshana, akhuthaze imibono yabafundi, ebambe iqhaza enhlanganweni yomphakathi olandelayo futhi abambe iqhaza emibukeni. Kwenye yalezi zinkulumo eLiverpool ngo-1858, "umphostoli ngokubambisana" kubi. Njengoba sisindile ekuhlaselweni kwesexwayiso, uRobert waya edolobheni lendabuko laseNewtown, lapho kufa khona uNovemba 17 lapho izimbangela zokufa zingasatholi.
NgokweZindinganiso ZikaFilisti, u-Owen washona njengothile ophulukile, elahlekile ochungechungeni lokwehluleka kanye nombuso ozungezile, kanye nomusa womphakathi, futhi imizamo yezinguquko ezinhle kakhulu zabonakala kunegazi nezwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, le ndoda ngokwakhe yabona indlela yayo njengokugcwaliseka kwe-mission enkulu.
Imibono yalowo ongumNgisi yaboniswa ezincwadini, futhi imicabango yakhe yagqugquzela abaguquli bezizukulwane ezalandela, ngenani lokuthi yi-Karl Marx. I-Biography, izivivinyo kanye nezimpumelelo ze-Ouna zaba ikhasi ezincwadini zemibhalo emlandweni wezomnotho, ukuphathwa kanye nomhlobo wezenhlalo. Ku-Tribute kumuntu wezakhamizi esikanye naye, kwasungulwa itshe lesikhumbuzo eManchester, okwahlulela isithombe, kubukeka kunesikhumbuzo.
Amacaphuna
- "Indoda manje noma ku-Iota ayisondelene nenjabulo kunalezo zikhathi, izindaba zokuqala zabantu zasithola ngazo."
- "Ngilinde izwe lakho lezwe lakho, ninensimu ehlanzekile, awunabaphristi abaqinile kangaka, ubandlululo alusayiniwe kangako ... kanye namabutho ... kanye namabutho!"
- "Ngenxa yokukhuliswa esikhathini esizayo isikhathi eside, ubuntu obungaphelele buzophenduka umjaho omusha wabantu - linjalo amandla emfundo."
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1815 - "Amanothi ngethonya lohlelo lwezimboni"
- Ngo-1817 - "Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kohlelo oluqukethwe embikweni"
- Ngo-1820 - "Umbiko wesithombe seLanark mayelana nohlelo lokwenza lula izinhlekelele zomphakathi"
- Ngo-1833 - "Isikhalazo seCongress of Soctialies"
- 1833 - Inkulumo kaRobert Owen esikhungweni esiseCharlotte Street "
- Ngo-1844 - "Bhuka Mayelana Nemkhosi Entsha Yokuziphatha"
- Ngo-1850 - "Ukuguqulwa ekwazini nasemisebenzini yohlanga lwesintu"
- Ngo-1893 - "ekwakhekeni komlingiswa womuntu"