I-Biograge
U-Alfred Marshall Kusukela ebuntwaneni kakhulu eyisayensi lapho anquma khona ukuhlanganisa impilo. Wenza umnikelo obalulekile emnothweni, owamvumela ukuthi ashiye umkhondo emlandweni futhi anqume ukuqondiswa kokuyala kweziyalo eminyakeni ezayo.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Alfred Marshall uvele ngoJulayi 26, 1842 eLondon. Wakhuliswa emndenini wesisebenzi sasebhange esasinamandla ngokwezenkolo futhi sahlukile, sicishe sididekile. Ngakho-ke, ingane ka-Alfred yathuthumela kumfundi wayo kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kobusuku, ngenxa yalokho okwakubuthakathaka futhi kwahlupheka ngenxa yokusebenza ngokweqile. Uchithe isikhathi esincane nontanga futhi wayethanda ukuxazulula imisebenzi ye-chess.
Lapho kugcizelelwa nguYise, le nsizwa iphothule esikoleni sabathengisi be-taylors. Okokuqala, iMarshall yajikijela izibalo, kepha ngenxa yenkinga yezengqondo enolwazi, yaphoqeleka ukuba ishintshele kwifilosofi, bese kuthi lapho zimi ngokuziphatha, okuholele ekutheni umdlandla womnotho.
Uthole umfundaze eSt John's College, lapho kwaqala ukufundisa khona ngo-1868. Ngalesi sikhathi, le nsizwa yabhala izindatshana zokuhweba kwamanye amazwe futhi yafuna ukwanda kocwaningo lwezomnotho.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1877, indoda eshada noMary Palei, owayengumfundi waKhe eCambridge. Bahlala ndawonye ekufeni kweMarshall, kepha abatholanga zingane. Azikho imininingwane yososayensi ngeminye imininingwane yempilo yomuntu siqu.Umsebenzi wesayensi
U-Alfred wayephakathi kwabasunguli beMicroconomics. Imisebenzi yayo isuselwe kwimigomo ye-classical theory kanye ne-marginal, baba nomthelela ekwakhekeni nasekunwebeni kwemibono yezomnotho kanye nemisebenzi yaseMelika uJohn Bets Clark. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usosayensi wema emgaqweni wemvelaphi ye-neoclassical theory futhi wayengummeleli weSikole Esidumile saseCambridge.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi, u-Alfred wafuna ukukhulisa izinga lokuphila kwalesi sigaba sabasebenzi, wabheka ithonya lemfundo ngenani lemiholo. Lokhu kwamholela ekugxekeni kwemisebenzi kaKarl Marx, othi le nto yokuncintisana ibaluleke kakhulu kuneziqu.
Incwadi yokuqala kwaba "imboni yezomnotho", okuyi-marshall eyakhiwe kanye nomkakhe. Wazama ukubhala ngolimi olulula, oluqondakalayo kubantu abaningi, futhi wafaka izibalo zezibalo kuzicelo zochwepheshe.
Ngaphambi nje kwalokhu, owesilisa ushiye okuthunyelwe kothisha eSt Ionna College wathuthela e-University College of Bristol, lapho afunda izinkulumo kwezomnotho nakwezepolitiki komnotho. Ngalesi sikhathi, wahlanganyela ekuthuthukiseni "umnotho wezomnotho wasezimboni", kamuva owashicilela ngesimo sekharikhulamu.
Ngemuva kwalokho uMarshall waqala wasebenza "ezimisweni zesayensi yezomnotho", azinikela cishe iminyaka eyishumi ye-biography yakhe. Ngalesi sikhathi, usosayensi wakwazi ukuba ngumfundisi e-Oxford, bese ebuyela eCambridge ukuyothatha isikhundla sikaprofesa womnotho wezepolitiki.
Umsebenzi oshicilelwe ngonyaka we-1890 wawunemibono esemqoka ka-Alfred futhi wakwenza waba usaziwayo hhayi eNgilandi kuphela, kodwa futhi nasezweni. "Izimiso zesayensi yezomnotho" zihunyushelwa ezilimini eziningana futhi ziphinde zibhalwe kabusha, zigijimisa ama-racing.
Umqondo osemqoka we-Theory of Scientist kwakuyindlela yokulingana ngokwengxenye. Ukunquma izici ezithinta isidingo nokusikisela, indoda enikelwe ukuhlola imakethe yokuhle, inaka izindleko zezinsizakusebenza, inani lempahla eyengeziwe kanye nezimpahla ezifakiwe, ubukhulu bemali engenayo yabathengi nezidingo zabo .
Okunye ukufezeka kweMarshall kwaba yimodeli, ebizwa nangokuthi isiphambano, noma isikere. Lesi isithombe esithombeni lapho amajika okufunwa khona nemisho ehlangene endaweni yentengo yemakethe ye-Equilibrium.
Ngobudala, impilo yesosayensi yaqala ukubanda, futhi yaphoqeleka ukuba ishiye eyunivesithi futhi ihlale ekhaya. Kepha u-Alfred waqhubeka nokubandakanya ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, enyatheliseni izincwadi "imboni kanye nezohwebo", kanye "nemali, isikweletu kanye nezohwebo", kepha azithandwa kangako njengemisebenzi yangaphambilini.
Ukushona
I-neoclassic edumile yafa ngoJulayi 13, 1924 endlini eCambridge, imbangela yokufa yayibuthakathaka. Ithuna lakhe litholakala emathuneni ePherishi ngaphansi kweSonto Lokukhuphuka. Ngisho nangemva kokufa, le ndoda yahlala iyinto enethonya emnothweni futhi yashiya inkumbulo ngaye emisebenzini embalwa nezithombe ezimnyama nezimhlophe.I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1879 - "Umnotho Wezimboni"
- Ngo-1879 - "Umqondo omsulwa wokuhweba kwangaphandle kanye nethiyori enenzuzo yamanani angaphakathi"
- 1890 - "Izimiso zesayensi yezomnotho"
- 1919 - "Imboni kanye Nezohwebo"
- 1922 - "Imali, imalimboleko kanye nezohwebo"