I-Biograge
Izimfundiso kanye nemibono yabantu baseLiberton Milton Friedman kwaba nomthelela omkhulu emnothweni. UmMelika, ummeleli okhanyayo wesikole saseChicago, nabanye abacwaningi bakhulisa umbono wentengo, futhi bafunda nalesi simo sokusebenzisa, izinkinga zenqubomgomo yokuzinza nabanye. Futhi uthole udumo njengombhali womthetho kaFriedman. Kanye no-Adam Smith, wathola isimo sososayensi efanekisela ukucabanga kwezomnotho.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-Economist yazalwa ngoJulayi 31, 1912 eBrooklyn emndenini wamaJuda. Abazali bekungabafuduki abavela kwiBursa yaseHungary futhi bahlanganyela ekuhwebeni ngezinto ezincane. Ngokushesha, ama-friedmans athuthela emugqeni. Lapha uMilton waya esikoleni saseRovovi, aphothula ngo-1928. Ngemuva kokuba le nsizwa yaba ngumfundi weRatger University.
Eyunivesithi, le nsizwa yangena ekujuleni kwezibalo kanye nomnotho, njengoba ayefuna ukusebenza njenge-actuary esikhathini esizayo (ngokungena esikhundleni sochwepheshe). Esikhathini somfundi ekwakhiweni kwemibono yendoda, uSolwazi Arthur Burns noHomer Jones babathonya. Ukujwayelana nemisebenzi yalaba bacabangi, uFriedman wayekholelwa ukuthi isayensi yezomnotho izosiza ukuqeda ukudangala okukhulu.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngemuva kokuphothula eyunivesithi, uMilton wathola izimemo ezimbili ukungena kumama kaManali. Owokuqala waqhamuka eBrownity University - evuma yena, iMelika yayiyokwenza umsebenzi wezibalo. Elesibili lavela e-University of Chicago, eyanikeza izifundo zakhe efektri yakhe, indoda yakhe yathola ithembisa ngokwengeziwe.Isifiso sesayensi yobudlelwano bezezimali sathonywa impilo yomuntu siqu e-biography yomcwaningi. EChicago, le nsizwa yahlangana nomlingani wekusasa - umqondisi wezomnotho we-ROSA. Inyunyana ibijabule futhi ivumelane: umbhangqwana oboshwe hhayi uzwela kuphela, kodwa futhi nezintshisakalo zesayensi. Ngo-1945, umkakhe wanikeza u-Milton indodana kaDavide nendodakazi yaseJanet. Ngokuzayo, indlalifa yasososayensi, kanye nomzukulu wePatry baqhubeka noDronusty wezomnotho.
Umsebenzi kanye nemisebenzi yesayensi
Ngaphambi kokuthi uFriedman ahlele imibono esemqoka, wayesevele ehlanganyela ekuhlaziyeni isimo sezomnotho ezweni. Ngaleso sikhathi, izifundazwe zazisesimweni sobunzima. Ngokubambisana nomkakhe, owesilisa wafunda uhlelo lokuqashwa olunikezwa nguHulumeni, wagxeka izindlela zokulungisa amanani namaholo. UMilton waveza ukuthi ukulawulwa kwentengo kwakuyisithiyo ekusatshalalisweni kahle kwezinsizakusebenza.
Kamuva emsebenzini 'womlando wezimali we-United States ", ebhalwe ngokubhalwa ndawonye no-Anna Schwartz, umcwaningi njengesizathu esikhulu sokudangala okukhulu okubizwa ngokuthi ukuncishiswa kwemali. Futhi, kwabangelwa ubunzima bezinkinga zasebhange nezisombululo eziyiphutha zohlelo lwe-Federal Reserve (Fed).
Kuma-50s, iMelika ekhuluma ngokugxekwa kwezimfundiso ze-English Economist John Manard Keynes. Ngasikhathi sinye, umcwaningi wagcizelela ukuthi izinhlelo zesayensi kanye nolimi lomphikisi ngemisebenzi yakhe uqobo, kodwa aziboni iziphetho neziphetho ezazenzelwe kubo. Imibono yesikhathi uFriedman eboniswe "endleleni yesayensi yezomnotho eyakhayo", kamuva ngezingcaphuno. Ngasikhathi sinye, le ndoda yakhipha incwadi ethi "Imfutho yemali yemali."
Umbhalo ufunde izimbangela nezinhloso eziphoqa abantu ukuba balondoloze. UFriedman wacabanga ukuthi isidingo semali sibangela izehlakalo ezifanayo nanoma iyiphi impahla. Emisebenzini yama-60s, wabhala ukuthi ukuba khona kokuntuleka kwemininingwane kwemvelo kuvunyelwe emphakathini.
Usosayensi wathi: Esimweni lapho uMbuso unikeza imisebenzi eminingi, i-inflation ithuthukisa ijubane elisheshayo. Ngokusekelwe kwimiphumela yokubonwa, isazi sezomnotho sakwazi ukubikezela into ebizobizwa ngokulandela i-stagflation. Lesi yisikhundla sokuwohloka kwezomnotho ngasikhathi sinye kanye nesimo esibucayi somnotho (ukuqina kanye nokukhula kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi), okuhlanganiswe nokwenyuka kwamanani.
Futhi, uMilton waba nguMdali wemfundiso kaMonetarism, umnyombo wawo wancishiswa kwaba okulandelayo: Isici esinqumayo ekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwano bezomnotho inani lemali elisakazwayo. Ukuze uthole ucwaningo emkhakheni we-Monetarism ngo-1976, isazi sezomnotho sathola umklomelo kaNobel. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ithemu uqobo, eliye laba yinhloko emcabangweni wabaseMelika, uhlongozwa uKarl Brunner. Ukuhlinzekwa kokuzivocavoca kwabekwa emsebenzini "uma imali ikhulunywa."
Lapho umcwaningi kamuva, wabona ubuhle obukhulu eqinisweni lokuthi uphikelele ekukhanyiselweni kwezempi ezifundeni. Encwadini ka-1962 "Capitalism nenkululeko", eMelika yaphawula: Ibutho lidinga amaqhawe amavolontiya. Ngomsebenzi ofanayo, uMilton wasekelwa yizinga elintantayo lemali, ukwesulwa kwamalayisense emithi nezinye izinto.
Ngesikhathi somsebenzi osebenzayo, isazi sezomnotho sidale imisebenzi, izindatshana zesayensi, sanikeza inhlolokhono, sakhuluma nezinkulumo. Indoda yasebenzisana neNewsweek, yenza ikholomu yamasonto onke ukuze ishicilelwe. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960s futhi kwaze kwaba ngu-1978, abeMelika, kanye nozakwabo, uPaul Samuelson wabamba iqhaza ku-Project Cassette Series.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-70s, mahhala ukukhetha inethiwekhi ephakanyisiwe ukuthi idlalwe ku-TV Imibukiso "Inkululeko yokuzikhethela", lapho usosayensi ezohlanganyela nezilaleli zefilosofi yakhe. Ngaphezulu kwale phrojekthi, indoda ethile yasebenza nomkakhe uRosa. Kamuva, abashadikazi bashicilela incwadi ebonwa njengomthengisi ka-1980.
Ukushona
Isazi sezomnotho sadlula ngoNovemba 16, 2006. Imbangela yokufa yayihluleka inhliziyo. Kuze kube lusuku lokugcina, usosayensi waqhubeka esebenza - i-athikili yokugcina yaphuma ngosuku lokufa ngemuva kokushona kwe-American ephephandabeni Street Gewnloale. Unkosikazi wasinda kumlingani iminyaka emi-3.Amacaphuna
- "Ngicabanga ukuthi ikhambi kuhulumeni livame ukuba kubi njengezinkinga uqobo, futhi livame ukwenza kube kubi kakhulu."
- "Elinye lamaphutha amakhulu ukwahlulela inqubomgomo nezinhlelo zezepolitiki ngezinhloso zabo, hhayi ngemiphumela yazo."
- "Ohulumeni abakaze bafunde lutho. Abantu kuphela abafunda. "
- "Umphakathi, okuthi ukulingana okubeka ngenhla kwenkululeko, ngeke athole omunye noma omunye. Umphakathi obeka inkululeko engenhla kokulingana uzothola iziqu eziphakeme kanti omunye. "
I-Bibliography
- 1957 - "Ithiyori yemali eningi"
- 1960 - "Indlela Yendlela Yesayensi Emihle Yezomnotho"
- Ngo-1962 - "Ubungcwelisi nenkululeko"
- Ngo-1963 - "Umlando Wezimali we-United States 1867-1960"
- Ngo-1968 - "Indima yenqubomgomo yezezimali"
- 1976 - "Uma imali ebika-"
- Ngo-1977 - "Ukunyuka kwamandla emali kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi"
- 1980 - "Inkululeko Yokuzikhethela"
- 1998 - "Abantu ababili abajabulayo: Memoirs"