I-Biograge
UJohn Meinard Keynes ungumlingiswa ovelele wekhulu lama-20, umnikelo wakhe emnothweni walo mnotho uqinisekiswa yiqiniso lokuthi kwavela ukuqondiswa kwesayensi, okubizwa nge-Keynesianias. Ukufingqa ikhulu leminyaka elidlule ngo-1999, umagazini wesikhathi wahlanganisa nengcweti phakathi kwabantu ababaluleke kakhulu bekhulu leminyaka. Ngaphansi kwethonya lemibono eyisisekelo yamaBritish, izikhungo ezifana nesikhwama semali sakwamanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele kanye nebhange lokwakhiwa kabusha nentuthuko selivele.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-biography ye-Economist ixhumene kakhulu neCambridge, lapho yazalwa khona ngoJuni 5, 1883 futhi yaphila kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe. Ubaba uJohn Nevil Keynes uthonywe ukukhethwa komsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo, owayefundiswe e-University of University of Cambridge futhi ezwe uchwepheshe emkhakheni wezomnotho, ifilosofi kanye nengqondo. Umama uFlorence Hell Brown wayengekho phakathi kowesifazane onesizotha: Owesifazane wabhala incwadi, wabhalela izinkinga zomphakathi futhi ekugcineni waba yiMeya yedolobha. Umsebenzi wawungaphazamisi ukuba akhulise izingane ezintathu - ngaphandle kukaJohane, uMfoweth 'uJeffrey noDade Margaret bakhula emkhayeni.
Ukhuphukele endaweni yokufundisa futhi wathola imfundo yamabanga aphansi e-Iton College ehlonishwayo, ukhiye usuvele wakhombisa ingqondo ebukhali kanye nekhono lesayensi. Ukutadisha esikoleni, insizwa ethile nayo yasebenza emtapweni wezincwadi, lapho, ngaphezu kokufunda izincwadi, yayithanda ukulungiswa kwe-Pedigree. Unalo ulwazi olujulile emkhakheni wezibalo, isiLatini nesiGreek, waba ngumfundi weRoyal College eCambridge.
Kungokwama-elite engqondo ngakwesokunene sokuzalwa, uJohn wazungeza ubuhlakani obuqhakazile, lapho izazi zefilosofi ezisencane, ososayensi, ababhali nabaculi bajikelezwa. Le nsizwa yayiyingxenye yeqembu labaphostoli leCambridge, lapho labiwa ngamaphepha okuqala sesayensi. "Abaphostoli" abaningi bakha i-Bloomsbury Circle - Umphakathi o-Elite Wezinto Ezisemncane, kufaka phakathi iBertrand Russell, iVirginia Wolfe, uClive Bell, uGeorge Moore nabanye abamele abavelele benkathi.
ERoyal College of Cambridge, uSynes wafundela usosayensi ovelele wesiNgisi u-Alfred Marshall, umsunguli weNeoclassical Reserve in Econonke Science. Ngo-1908, uJohn waphothula iziqu, ukuvikela i-thesis yakhe ngezindlela zokungenisa izibalo kanye nombono ongenzeka. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayeseqalile ukusebenza eRoyal Finance Commission kanye nemali ye-India.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ukuba ngummeleli wesikhathi samahhala ne-slut-off, uSynes azange enqaba ebuthongweni enqatshelwe. Ubuhlobo bakhe bokuqala bothando lwavela phakathi neminyaka yobusha babafundi, futhi into yalo ibingumculi waseScotland uDuncan Grant. Abantu abasha abazange bafihle ubuhlobo futhi bengesabi izinkolelo, kodwa inoveli yabo yaphela ngo-1909, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho impilo yomuntu kaJohane yangena endaweni yendabuko yangena endaweni yendabuko eyengeziwe.Ngo-1918, eLondon, iTier yaseSergey Dyagilev eLondon, isazi sezomnotho sajwayelana neLanto LaseLike LaseRussia Lally Lopukhova. Wayeyindodakazi kaBallet Marster ye-Mariinsky Theatre, kanye nomndeni wonke wentombazane abopha impilo ngomdanso. Ubungani babo baqala ngo-1921, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka emi-4, lo mbhangqwana washada. Ngaleso sikhathi, lona wesifazane wakwazi ukuguquka ngokuvakasha eYurophu, ahlale e-US, ukudansa noVaclav Nizhinsky futhi ashade nemenenja ye-Dyagilev - Italian Randolfo Baroque.
ULopuKhova ujoyine umbuthano wabangane bakaBirtnes, yize engenamqondo kanye ne-snobbery engokwemvelo ezihlahleni zesiNgisi. Wakhangelisa abantu kalula, ukuvuleka nokushesha futhi waba ngumkaJohane omuhle. Isithombe esihlangene salombhangqwana sigcinwe. Umshado wabo waphenduka wajabula, yize abashadikazi bebengenazo izingane: ukuphela komzamo owenziwa ngo-1927 ophelile.
Ukushada uLydia, isazi sezomnotho sivakashele kaninginingi saseSoviet Russia. Kepha iBallerina ayikaze ibuyele ezweni lakubo, yize impilo yakhe yonke yayiganwa ngenkulumo-ze yezobuciko baseRussia nezincwadi eziphesheya, ekhuluma nezinhlelo mayelana nama-Classics emsakazweni futhi yabelana ngama-memoriots amakhulu. ULopuKhova wasinda kumyeni wakhe iminyaka engama-35 futhi washona ngo-1981 e-East Sussex.
Umsebenzi wesayensi
Kuze kube ngu-1915, uBistnes wasebenza eKhomishini yasebukhosini ngezezimali zaseNdiya nemali futhi wafundisa eRoyal College. Ngalesi sikhathi, wanyathelisa ama-Essays okuqala nezincwadi futhi waqala ukuhlela iphephabhuku lezomnotho, lapho asebenza khona acishe aze afe. Ngemuva kwalokho le ndoda yamenyelwa enkonzweni yezezimali, lapho abaseBrithani bakwazile ukuveza ithalente lososayensi nokwenza.
Ukunikeza uhlelo lokubuyisela iYurophu ngemuva kwempi yezwe yokuqala, uJohane wamelana nokubekwa phansi kweminikelo ephakeme eJalimane, wabikezela ukuwa komnotho wawo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, impi yezwe entsha. U-Keynes waveza imicabango yakhe emsebenzini 'wemiphumela yezomnotho yezwe', ekhishwe ngo-1919.
Ngawo-1920s, le ndoda ibibikezela izinqubo zomnotho womhlaba, isilinganiso semali kanye nezinga legolide, lifingqa ukuboniswa e- "sembuthalo ngemali". Ukudangala Okukhulu, okwamboza i-United States ngemuva kwenkinga, kwaba yinto yocwaningo lososayensi ovumele ukwethulwa kwenqubomgomo yezimali nezezimali ukuze anciphise imiphumela emibi yezomnotho.
Umphumela weminyaka eminingi yentuthuko wawungumsebenzi oyinhloko weKistnes "Ithitho Lomqondo Jikelele, amaphesenti nemali", enyatheliswa ngo-1936 futhi wakuletha ezinhlwini zezomnotho ezinkulu zangekhulu lama-20 kanye noFrank. Dexter White futhi UMilton Friedman. Izilinganiso ezivela encwadini zingene ezincwadini emnothweni, futhi umbhali wayo waba umsunguli weMacroeconomics njengesayensi ezimele.
I-Englishman ayizange imane nje imane nje ivele ezingeni lezezimali zezwe, kodwa futhi yahlanganyela kulokhu kukhula enhlokodolobha yalo ngokutshala imali. Ukuthola ngale ndlela, uJohn akakaze alahlekelwe yikho konke ngesikhathi sokuwa kwemakethe yesitoko ngo-1929, kodwa aphunyuke ukuqothuka, futhi lapho kuphela inkulungwane yakhe, kwalinganiselwa ezinkulungwaneni zakhe.
Ukushona
U-Keynes wasebenza impilo eningi futhi ngobuqili. Ngisho nokubhekana nezinkinga zempilo, indoda ayizange yengezelele uhambo lwasenye lwayo, lapho axazulula khona izinkinga zezomnotho zomhlaba wonke ezinjengemibuzo yemalimboleko yase-Anglo-American, eyayihlanganyela ngo-1946. Ngesikhathi kuxoxwa ngenkontileka eSavannah, eGeorgia, kuhlaselwa yinhliziyo kokuqala kwenzeka kuJohane. Ukubuyela eNgilandi, isazi sezomnotho siphinde saba nezinkinga ngenhliziyo.Ngo-Ephreli 21, 1946, endlini yepulazi ngaphansi kwe-fir, empumalanga ye-Sussex, uSynes akazange. Imbangela yokufa yaba yisifo senhliziyo. Lowo wesilo esineminyaka engu-62 ubudala akazange asindile hhayi umfazi kuphela, kodwa futhi nobabili abasakaze uthuli lakhe phezu komndeni uTilton.
Amacaphuna
- "Ngisebenzela isimo esidelela. DESTAINDO LENKOLO ENGENZUZA NGIBONAKALA ISIBONELELO. "
- "Umbono wesikhathi eside" ungumeluleki omubi ezindabeni zamanje. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sonke sifile. "
- "Isidingo sakha ukunikezwa."
- "Ah, uma ososayensi bezomnotho bengenza kanjalo babone abantu abanesizotha, behlonishwa kuzo, bengabi ngaphezu kodokotela bamazinyo, - njengoba kungaba kuhle!"
- "Akukho lutho olungahambi kahle ngalokho akulungile, into esemqoka ukuyiqonda ngesikhathi."
I-Bibliography
- 1913 - "Ukujikeleza kwemali kanye nezimali eNdiya"
- Ngo-1919 - "Imiphumela Yezwe"
- Ngo-1921 - "Qapha amathuba"
- Ngo-1923 - "Qapha Ukuguqulwa Kwezezimali"
- Ngo-1926 - "Ukuphela komgomo ongaphazanyiswa"
- 1930 - "I-Cones Peey"
- 1930 - "Ukuphela Kwezinga Legolide"
- Ngo-1936 - "Umbono Ojwayelekile Wokuqashwa, Amaphesenti Nemali"