I-Biograge
Eminyakeni yokuqala, i-biography kaMartin Seligman kwadingeka ibhekane nemizwa yokungabi nalutho, okuzayo okunqume ukuqondiswa kocwaningo lwakhe. Waziwa ngokuthi i-Psysel ye-Psychology kanye noMlobi wezincwadi ukunqoba okuhlangenwe nakho okungekuhle kanye nokufezekiswa kwenjabulo yangempela.Ubuntwana nentsha
UMartin Elias Pete Seligman wazalwa ngo-Agasti 12, 1942 edolobheni laseMelika lase-Albany. Wakhulela emndenini wommeli kanye nodadewethu omdala. UMartin kusukela ebuntwaneni ubuhlakani futhi wakwazi kahle ikharikhulamu yesikole, ngakho-ke abazali banqume ukuyithumela esifundazweni sabafana.
Lapho uSeligman esemusha, uyise wayenesifo sohlangothi, futhi isimo sezinto ezibonakalayo somndeni sawohloka kakhulu. Le nsizwa bekufanele ithole umsebenzi ukukhokhela izindleko. Ngenxa yomlingiswa wakhe wemfihlo, uMartin wayengasebenzi emphakathini futhi wayenabangani abambalwa. Kodwa ngisho nalapho wabuka abantu futhi wafunda ukubalalela, okwathonya ukukhetha komsebenzi.
Ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu e-Academy, lo mfo wangena e-University of Princeton, lapho afunda khona ifilosofi. Kepha lapho iziqu ze-bachelor zisezingalweni zakhe, kwadingeka enze isinqumo esinzima - ukuqhubeka nocwaningo lwesayensi yefilosofi e-Oxford noma ukusebenza kwi-psychology ye-University of Pennsylvania. Ngenxa yalokho, uSeligman wenza isinqumo evunywa yilesi sakamuva.
Kamuva waba nguprofesa we-University of Cornell, kodwa ngenxa yesimo sezepolitiki esingazinzile, wabuyela ePennsylvania, lapho kungekudala wathatha khona okuthunyelwe kukaProfesa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Esikhathini esedlule, owesilisa wayeshade noKarry Muller, owamnika izindlalifa emibili. Ngemuva kwesehlukaniso ngo-1978, udokotela wezengqondo akakwazanga ukuthuthukisa impilo yakhe, kodwa ekugcineni waqala ukuhlangana nomfundi wakhe uMandy McCarthy. Naphezu komehluko eminyakeni eyi-17, badlale umshado futhi baphakamisa izingane ezinhlanu.Umsebenzi wesayensi
E-University of Pennsylvania, le nsizwa yaqala ukuhlangana nomkhuba owaba yisisekelo semfundiso yokuzisiza. Ngesikhathi sokuhlola ezinjeni, ezaziqhutshwa ukuqinisekisa imibono ka-Ivan Pavlov, izilwane zavalelwa emangqamuzaneni futhi zavezwa kagesi njengamanje ngasikhathi sinye ne-beep.
Ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi umsindo uzohlotshaniswa nezinja ngobuhlungu, kubangela ukwesaba nokufisa ukuphunyula. Kepha lapho amaseli ethola, izilwane zilala phansi futhi zingenasicenye. Njengoba uMartin ephetha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ajwayele kakhulu ukuthi ajwayele ukulawula isimo, futhi awazama ukwenza lutho ngakho.
Ngemuva kokuthola i-Decreen degree Seligman yanquma ukuvivinya ukucabanga kwakhe. Ngokubambisana nemeya ye-StevePart Steve, wahlela ukuhlolwa lapho kuhlanganyela khona amaqembu amathathu ezinja. Owokuqala (a) angalawula umthelela wesakhiwo samanje ngesikhathi sesiginali yomsindo, owesibili (b) - akekho nokwesithathu (c) kwakuwukulawulwa.
Ngenxa yalokho, lapho izilwane zidedelwa endaweni evulekile, lapho kwadingeka zinqobe khona umgoqo omncane futhi zithole inkululeko, futhi zinikeze i-beep, ukuphunyula kuphela ukuzihlola ezigabeni A no-C, kanye nokusele ngamanga, naphezu kokushaqeka, yize kuthulwe ukushaya.
Ukutholwa kososayensi kwaguqula i-Psychology, ngoba iphikisana nabathungi be-peheviorism. Eminyakeni eyalandela, isivivinyo siphindwe kaningi nabantu nezilwane, kodwa isiphetho sasingesinye: Uma ucwaningo lube luqondakala ukuthi ngeke bakwazi ukulawula isimo, bavame ukuyeka ukwenza imizamo yokuyishintsha. Ngokusho kukaSeligman, isimo esivelayo sokungasizi salutho sivame ukwehlisa ukudangala kanye ne-neurosis.
Isithakazelo esihlukile sokuba umcwaningi sasilingwa, ngisho nakwezimo ezinjalo, ezibonakala zingenathemba ziqhubeka kaninginingi ukubheka isinqumo. Ukuziphatha kwabo kuye kwaba umfutho wokuthuthukiswa kwe-Psychology eyakhayo, egcizelela ukuthi unethemba kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okuhle komuntu.
Inkulumo kaMartin ngemuva kokhetho njengoba inhloko ye-American Psychological Association yashaqeka umphakathi wesayensi, ngoba kusukela ngesikhathi sokuvela kwe-psychology kwakusetshenziselwa ukukhomba nokwelapha ama-pathologies. Usosayensi waphakamisa ukuthi afunde izehlakalo ezizosiza ekugwemeni ukubonakala kwalokhu kuphambuka futhi kwenze impilo ibe umuntu ophilile aqhakaze.
Ngo-2002, wethule imodeli yenjabulo eyiqiniso. Yayinezinto ezintathu: isipiliyoni semizwelo emihle, ukubandakanyeka kanye nokuba khona kwencazelo. Kamuva, lolu hlelo lwenziwa izingxenye zobudlelwano kanye nezimpumelelo futhi zathola igama elifushanisiwe le-perma.
Imibono esemqoka ye-Psychology enhle yachazwa ezihlokweni eziningi nezincwadi. Wabuyisa i-bibliography yezincwadi ezinjengokuthi "Ungafunda Kanjani Ukuba Nethemba", "Ithemba Lwezingane" kanye "Endleleni eya empumelelweni". Imisebenzi eminingi yaba abathengisi futhi bahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningana.
Imibono yomcwaningi idonsela odumile bezengqondo njengo-Albert Bandura, uMihai Chixentmichei noJonathan Hydt. Ngokubambisana noChristopher Peterson, wadala ukuhlukaniswa kwezici ezinhle zomuntu ohlukanise amaqembu ayi-6. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwasungulwa uhlu lwemibuzo evimbayo, ukukhomba ikhwalithi yokusiza ukunqoba ukudana nokuthola injabulo. Isetshenziswa ngokugcwele kwi-psychotherapy.
UMartin Seligman manje
Ngo-2020, usosayensi uyaqhubeka nokuhlanganyela kwezengqondo, yize manje mancane amathuba okuthi avele emphakathini, anikeze izingxoxo nezithombe.Amacaphuna
- "I-Pessimist ingafundiswa ukuba yithemba."
- "Isisekelo se-pessimism asinakusiza."
- "Impilo Yomzimba imelana nokulawulwa okunengqondo kunalokho okubhekwayo."
- "Idatha etholakalayo ikhombisa ukuthi amathemba aphilayo aphile isikhathi eside kunama-pessimists."
- "Umfanekiso wokucabanga awusikho okunikezwa kanye naphakade. Njengoba sazi nge-psychology, umuntu angakhetha isu lokucabanga. "
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1975 - "Ukungasiza"
- 1982 - "Psychology of ukuphambuka"
- Ngo-1991 - "Impilo Engafundwa"
- 1994 - "Okungashintsha nalokho ongakwazi"
- 1995 - "Ingane Enethemba"
- 2002 - "Injabulo Yangempela"