I-Biograge
ULouise May Okuttle - Umlobi waseMelika, uMlobi wezindaba, izinkondlo namanoveli. Imisebenzi edume kakhulu kwi-bibliography yakhe kwakuyizincwadi "abesifazane abancane", abasuselwa emicimbini ye-autobiographical, "nabesilisa abancane". Kanye nendalo kaFrancis Fitzgerld, uJane Austin no-Edgar Allan ekwakhiweni kuka-Olkott babephakathi kwezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zezincwadi zakwamanye amazwe ngekhulu lama-20.Ubuntwana nentsha
ULouise May Olkott wazalelwa eGradantaun ngoNovemba 29, ngo-1832 waba owesibili wamadodakazi amane eTranscendantal kanye nomlobi u-Ebigeyl u-Olittat. Ngiseyingane, uLouise wagibela futhi wakhetha imidlalo ebabayo, eyayihlukanisa namanye amantombazane.
Ngo-1834, lo mndeni wathuthela eBoston. Lapha ubaba wahlela isikole sokuhlola futhi waba yilungu le-Transcendental Club, lapho ezinye izibalo ezivelele zalesosikhathi zikhona. Isikhundla sezezimali sase-OlkKottov sasidabukisa. Eminyakeni engu-2 ngemuva kokuthola okuhlangenwe nakho okungaphumelelanga nenhlangano yesikhungo semfundo, abazali kanye nezingane bathuthela endlini etholakala eConcord.
Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu, baqasha izindlu nezindawo ezithengiswayo, futhi kamuva, kanye namalungu amaningana omndeni, i-conocyate yashukumisela ukuba iyohlala emphakathini "wezithelo". Umqondo wase-Utopian we-Transcendatengengeltentals mayelana nenhlanganisela yempilo elula nokucabanga okuphezulu okubhidlikile ngokushesha. Izazi zakhe ziphoqelekile ukuba zibheke isiphephelo esisha.
Ngenxa yefa likamama elitholwe, umndeni wawuthola lefashini eConcord wahlala lapho entwasahlobo yango-1845. Kuliqiniso, vele ku-alkotta ye-1852 yaphoqelelwa ukuba ithengise indlu. Iminyaka engama-30, uLouise, kanye nodadewethu nabazali bathutha amahlandla angama-22. Ngo-1857, wayebuye futhi eConcorde, kwathi ngemuva konyaka kamuva, zonke izihlobo zahlala endlini yepulazi endlini yezindlu zasendlini.
Ukwakheka kokuqala kukaLouise okutholwe yikilasi nge-Natural Henry David Toro. Wamgqugquzela futhi adale omunye wemisebenzi. Izingane zithole ulwazi oluvela kuYise nalezo zingcweti ezaziwumbuthano wokuxhumana komndeni. Ukungabikho kwemali ekhonzayo enze amantombazane ase-Olkottov ekuqaleni aqala ukusebenza. ULouise wakwazi ukuzame ukuba uzame njengothisha, uSungikazi, umthungi nezinceku nezinceku. Lesi sikole sikahulumeni sakwazi ukuvakashela udadewethu osemncane kuphela.
Imisebenzi yokubhala nobuciko kwakungokwaLouise May Olkott wasungula. Incwadi ethi "BASNI ngemibala" isiphenduke isikweletu. Kwakuyiqoqo lezinganekwane.
Ngo-1847, umlobi we-novice wafunda lokho ubufazi, ngemuva kokufunda "ukumenyezelwa kwamalungelo nomqondo", kuchaza umthetho wabesifazane. Waba ummeleli wokuqala wobulili obuhle obhalise ukubamba iqhaza okhethweni.
1857 waba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwezezimali, futhi uLouise akakwazanga ukuthola umsebenzi unomphela ayewuphazamise intombazane ekuphelelwe yithemba. Waze wacabanga ngokuzibulala waze wajwayela i-biography yaseCharlotte Bronte, lapho kwakukhona ukufana okuningi nezimpilo zaKhe. Ngemuva konyaka, kwafa omunye odadewethu abancane, futhi abadala bashada. Ku-OLCOTTT, le micimbi yaba yilingana nokuqhamuka kwabahlengikazi, futhi wabona kakhulu lokho okwenzekayo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ukuba ngumfundisi futhi wabesifazane, uLouise Olkttt yonke impilo yakhe wayenesizungu. Akazange ashade, kepha wanikela ngesikhathi sakhe samahhala sokubamba iqhaza emicimbini ehlelwe ukusekela amalungelo abesifazane.Ezinkumbulweni zikaLouise, kukhulunywa ngokuthi zinomuzwa wokuthi umphefumulo womuntu, oboshwe emzimbeni wesifazane. Le ntombazane yathi iphinde yathandana nabamele izimbotshana ezibuthakathaka futhi yayingakaze ibone imizwa enjalo yabantu. Kuliqiniso, amadayari achazwa ngokuningiliziwe futhi inoveli neLadislav Vishnevsky, ukukhishwa kwawo ngemuva kwalokho asule ngayo.
Umuntu okuwukuphela kwakhe owabuza impilo yomuntu walowo mlobi kwakunguLulu, indodakazi kadadewabo omncane, owashona ngo-1879. Le ntombazane yathola igama ukuhlonipha uLouise, futhi u-anti abembethezela isisa esikhethekile.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Olcott uhlangabezane nezinkinga zempilo. Kuboniswe ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha: umbhali angahlushwa isifo se-autoimmune. Ebusheni bakhe, ngesikhathi sempi yombango, le ntombazane yayesaba isihloko sesisu futhi yaphathwa kuMercury, nayo eyaba nomthelela ekuqubukeni kwemiphumela emibi. Esithombeni sika-1870, imigodi ebusweni beLouise no-Redness ezihlathini bayabonakala.
Izincwadi
Ngo-1854, uLouise wamenyelwa ukubambisana nethiyetha laseBoston abhala ngalo izingcezu ze- "Prinonnanna". Umsebenzi owenziwe yi-washiswa, njengoba izingxabano zivuselelwa ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwezindima phakathi kwabadlali.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-6, u-Olcott waqala ukubambisana nomagazini we-Atlantic Monthly. Ngesikhathi sempi yombango, umbhali wasebenza njengodade wezokwelapha esibhedlela samasosha aseGeorgetown. Ukusuka lapho wabhala lezi zincwadi ezihlotsheni nasezihlotsheni, ezazisebenza kabusha ezasebenza kabusha "ezindabeni zesibhedlela" ezinyatheliswa ngo-1863 ephephandabeni leCommonwealth. Imibhalo yaletha umbhali ukuthandwa kokuqala phakathi komphakathi. Imidwebo ithe ngenhliziyo yodokotela ohlinzayo, inhlangano embi yezibhedlela kanye namaqiniso ezempi.
Kusukela maphakathi no-1860s, uLouise wabhala amanoveli nezindaba ezisebenzisa i-pseudonym A. M. Barnard. Emisebenzini, wachaza izinhlamvu eziqinile nezihlakaniphile, kanye nemizwa enothando. Umbhali ukhishwe izindaba eziningana zezingane, kwathi ngemuva kokuba lezo zibe zithandwa, zigxile emsebenzini walezi zilaleli ezihlosiwe.
Ngo-1868, inoveli ethi "Abesifazane Abancane" yanyatheliswa, eyayinesisekelo se-autobiographic. Umsebenzi uncishiswe ubuntwana uLouise nodade. Engxenyeni yokuqala yendaba yalandela umzuzwana ngesimo sencwadi ethi "Abafazi Abahle". Wabona ukukhanya ngabo-1869 futhi wachaza impilo yabantu abadala yamantombazane. Incwadi ethi "Intsha Rose" ingeyasesikhathini esifanayo.
Ngo-1871, inoveli elithi "amadoda amancane" lakhishwa, lapho kwakukhona enye yamaqhawe ezincwadi zokuqala zikaJoe nesikole, eyasungulwa nguye nosolwazi, uprofesa wayo. Kutholakala ngo-1886 "Guys Joe" wafingqa umndeni uSaga Olkott.
Kamuva, ngo-1873, uLouise angahle akhiphe inoveli ebizwa ngokuthi "uJobe", ngisho nangemva kweminyaka emi-4, ukukhanya kwabona iMefistofel yanamuhla ". Umlobi wawuphakathi kwababhali abachaza izinkinga zabesifazane ngendlela yesimanje. Ngo-1877, wema kwabasunguli abaningi benyunyana yasemafashini efundisa nezezimboni.
Ukushona
E-Adulbood, uLouise Olcott osewohlokile ngokushesha. Umlobi wafa entwasahlobo yango-1888, ezinsukwini ezi-2 emva kukaYise. Imbangela yokufa, odokotela abahambisana nokusetshenziswa kwe-Mercury njengomuthi kusuka esiswini esiswini noma isifo se-autoimmuneune.Owesifazane wangcwatshwa emathuneni "ulala ongenalutho" eConcord. Umshana kaLouise ngaleso sikhathi wayeneminyaka engu-8 ubudala. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, le ntombazane yathutha yayohlala kubaba wayo engomdabu eYurophu.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1849 - "Ifa"
- Ngo-1854 - "Bassni ngezimbali"
- Ngo-1865 - "Moods"
- Ngo-1867 - "Ukhiye Ongaqondakali Kokuthi Wavula"
- Ngo-1868 - "Abesifazane Abancane"
- Ngo-1869 - "Abafazi Abahle"
- 1870 - "Intombazane Endala"
- 1871 - "Amadoda Amancane"
- Ngo-1873 - "Umsebenzi"
- Ngo-1875 - "uRose kanye nabafowethu abayisikhombisa"
- Ngo-1876 - "Intsha yamaRoses"
- Ngo-1877 - "Mephistophees wanamuhla"
- Ngo-1878 - "House Ngaphansi Kwezinhlabamkhosi"