I-Biograge
Inkondlo yasendulo yamaGreek Sappo yayingumdabu waseLesbos Island, ifa lalo laliqukethe izingoma nezinkondlo. I-Yamba ne-Elegy amazwi womculo, agcinwe kumavesi nezicucu, kwakungezincwadi zezincwadi zeBhayibheli emakhulwini eminyaka adlule.Ubuntwana nentsha
Abaphenyi bathola imininingwane mayelana ne-biography yesiGreek: Izitifiketi (Testimonia), IziKronike Zokuqala Nezinkondlo. Kukholakala ukuthi iSappo yazalelwa eMitylene esiqhingini saseLesbos phakathi kobuhle bemvelo olwakhiwe ngentando yonkulunkulu bama-Olimpiki.
Izinkondlo zesikhathi zokuzalwa zithathwa njengezingu-625 BC. e., Inyanga kanye nososayensi behlulekile ukusungula. Emisebenzini yezemibhalo kanye nemisebenzi yezazi-mlando zefilosofi zolwazi mayelana nezinsuku zokuqala zokuphila, kwakungekho ndawo ekhethekile.
Izihlobo zeSappo, zitholwe zingoluhlobo oludumile lwama-aristocrat "amasha" aseHersenian emindenini efundisiwe. Emphakathini wabo, ngokwezinga elithile, amasiko aqeqeshwa yisayensi nobuciko bawo wonke umuntu ngaphandle kokuhlukile.
Ubaba wezinkondlo Scammannonim wayengumhwebi ocebile, wayenenzalo emine nomfundisi, umfazi osemthethweni. Intombazane yakhula phakathi kwabafowethu abangama-arihy, u-larich kanye nokujaha, iye yathola inhlonipho yamandla nengqondo evelele.
Ngokwamasiko asendulo amaGrikhi achazwe emisebenzini yomlando, abafana bemvelaphi enhle ngezimmo balethelwa iwayini. Ngokunokwenzeka, ngezikhathi ezinjalo zabancane kakhulu bezihlobo zegazi ngesithakazelo esandisiwe, kwaqashelwa iSappo encane.
Isimo soMhlonipho sitholakele emathempelini ama-Masters athuthukisa izinkondlo ezinhle futhi aveze ithalente lemvelo. Izingoma zezinkondlo ze-Choir echithe amafulegi ashisayo ayazi yonke imisebenzi yaseshashalazini nomculi we-lyrical.
Amantombazane anikezelwe onkulunkulu bama-Olimpiki be-artemide, ihothilo yamahlathi nemithombo yamanzi yeziqhingi ze-aegean ezinhle. Izingoma zakuqala zezinkondlo zifunde uThifey Gennadyevich Myakin, umsebenzi welebhu yaseNovosibirsk yomlando wamakhulu asendulo naphakathi kwamakhulu eminyaka.
Emncane, iSappo nomndeni washiya uMitilene noLesbos ngenxa yokuthi amasosha aseMilsil afika emandleni aphakeme - iTiran enesihluku. Imindeni ehamba phambili ebusayo eyazuza ekubhujisweni kwama-pafelides yasusa izakhamizi ezingaba yingozi.
Izinkondlo nabafowethu nabazali zazicashe eSicily, babuyela ezweni elincane ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana. Ubuhle bentombazane evuthiwe, eyathola imfundo, eyenziwe yavuma ukukhanya okukhanyayo kwamasiko asendulo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinganekwane, isithandwa sokuqala, ngokusho kwenganekwane, kwakuwumculi futhi imbongi ka-Alkei, yayikhuluma ngempilo yomuntu siqu yesappo. Kukholakala ukuthi amaGrikhi asendulo ayedluliselwa imiyalezo eyinkondlo, kepha inguqulo ayitholanga isiqinisekiso kubantu abahlonishwayo.
Ngokusho kwabanye abacwaningi, amatilosi anesibindi, aqinile, igama elibizwa elibizwa ngokuthi i-indlala libulele emdalweni wesiqhingi. Owesifazane odonswe ngokuphelele yimizwa yothando emnene wayelinde ikhebuli phakathi kwamagagasi anobungozi obukhulu.
Ezintweni ezingokomlando, endulo eqoqwe ezindaweni okusanhlamvu, imininingwane ngendoda eyatholakala - ummeleli wezizwe zase-Italy. U-Andrien Kerick, uyise kaCleedis, kuphela kwabantwana bezinkondlo, waphuma emndenini.
E-Epoch yegolide yamahlaya, iSappo yayivame ukuvezwa yiLibertine eyayithanda abesifazane nabesilisa. Inani lama-freks frekcoes nemidwebo yobuciko yaqala ukuvezwa umbono onjalo ngoMdali wezinkondlo.
Kamuva nge-biography engahlukanisi, amaqiniso ngobungqingili avela, ukuqondiswa kwezinkondlo okuthakazelela ososayensi kuze kube manje. Izikhala zezinkumbulo zokuxhumana namantombazane abasha, abathathwe emibhalweni egciniwe, ejabulisa impikiswano engadingekile.
Ukudala
Ngokusho kososayensi, iSappo yabhala amaqoqo ayisishiyagalolunye enkondlo, kepha okwesikhathi kwaMandulo kwahlulela izingcezwana, kwafinyelela ngokuyisimangaliso kosuku lwanamuhla. Izindikimba zothando, uthando kanye nokwehlukanisa, isimilo se-echei, sathathwa nguKatull, owayehlala e-Epoch yamakhosi amaRoma.
Izikhathi ezingafundile ezingenamusa zahlala zisebenza emisebenzini emithathu, ehlukaniswa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlobo kanye nokukhethwa kwamagama okuhlukile. Inhlawulo yezinkondlo zasendulo zamaGreek yaqala ukwethulwa kukazwelonke yinzalo yamasampula amasha wesigqi.
Ngenxa yalokhu, izingoma zothando zenziwa ngaphansi komculo ongathandeki, futhi lona wesifazane wayevame ukuvezwa ngezinsimbi zomculo ezandleni zabo. Isibonelo esikhanyayo salokhu kwakunguFresco "Parnass" uRafael Santi, umdwebi wase-Italy, owasebenza ngawo-1500s.
AmaGrikhi abizwa ngokuthi yizinkondlo iMunce yaphezulu neyeshumi, i-Omu "Milation to The Herie" icaphune amakhulu abantu. Amandla okukhohlisa izingqondo zamantombazane amahle nezinsizwa angamongela inkosi ka-Ithaca - i-Odyssey yamahhala.
Kanye no-Anacrentom no-Alkem, isappo baba yinkosi yezingoma ze-monodic, wayeyazi kahle kanye ne-lesbian folklore. Imibhalo eminingi yezemibhalo, ikakhulukazi i-ODU "uNkulunkulu alingana ...", yenza abadlali abaziwayo abaziwayo kanye nekwaya yasendulo yendabuko.
Izinkondlo zabomdabu baseMitlyan ezivela kwabanye ababhali zahlukaniswa uthando ngokubonakaliswa kwemvelo kanye nokuvela kokungasebenzi. Ezicaleni ezikhuluma ngothando lwentombazane, umbhali wavula ngokuphelele umphefumulo, asebenzisa umsolo, uPeriprase kanye nophawu.
Ngokuya ngenganekwane, banikezelwa intombi encane u-Erinna, owabhala le nkondlo ethi "Spread" kanye ne-Epigram ebabazekayo. Okomhlangano owenzeka endaweni yeziqhingi zoLwandle i-Aegean, ukubonga sappo kubo bonke onkulunkulu basendulo abangamaGrikhi.
Ukulahleka kwenzalo kubalingani be-canon e-Humeri esemthethweni kwaba yisizathu esikhulu sokulahleka kwezinkondlo ze-Ellenic. Izifundiswa zeByzantine zokhohlwe ngezingoma zowesifazane onethalente futhi wangcwaba amagugu aneminyaka eyikhulu lemizi emisha.
Ngenhlanhla, izingcaphuno zigcinwe ezimpawu zasendulo zaseGibhithe ezitholakala ku-Grouse Chevers ezivela emazweni aseYurophu. Emaqoqweni lababhali abase-Greek sekwephuzile kwakukhona nemisebenzi yezenkondlo, babeyingxenye yohlelo lwesikole oluyisisekelo semfundo.
Ukushona
Mayelana nezimo kanye nezimbangela zokufa, izinkondlo zamaGrikhi azaziwa, kwakuyinganekwane yokuthi lona wesifazane washona, wagxuma ngokuzithandela emadwaleni ase-Lefkadian. Ukuzibulala okubuhlungu kwakuhlotshaniswa nothando olungajabuli kuze kube manje, owangena ngomkhumbi olwandle oluvulekile futhi engafuni ubuhlobo.Kwezobuciko
ISappo ichazwe esigabeni sama-Freek Greek Greeks ayisishiyagalolunye, yayithathwa njengombhali onekhono lezinkondlo zothando lwe-melodic. I-Vinjinti Videsaevich veresaev ne-Yakov Emmanuilovich Golovasker idlulisele amaculo ne-OD ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1900s.
Isithombe sikaGrechany sasihanjiswa e-cinema nokupenda, ifilimu "ye-safo" yayithandwa yimibuthano enothando. Imidwebo yomsebenzi kaPierre Gerena noCharles of Autere Menzenhen baboniswa ezindaweni ezidumile bahlakazekele emhlabeni wonke.
Ngokuhlonipha umlobi "uculo u-Anhrodite" obizwa ngokuthi yi-asteroid ebonakalayo, futhi umculi kaDavid Tukhmanov wanikezela i-albhamu yakhe yonke. Izincwadi, kufaka phakathi imisebenzi kaKumir Roman, uHorace, abathandi bentsha bafundana ngaphambi kokulala.