I-Biograge
Umlando wasendulo ugcina amagama amaningi akhazimulayo, emgqeni wawo nabesifazane - umuntu emi emvelaphi yentando yeningi yase-Atheniya. IsiGreek kwakuyinhlawulo, echwepheshe, i-Archon kanye nomkhuzi futhi ngasikhathi sinye kwakubhekwa njengasekuqaleni kwe-Atheni, ngokusho kweCicero. Isifo esinamandla, esisemaphethelweni futhi esinenjongo saphila ngeMicimbi yempilo, sesibonile ubukhazikhazi benkazimulo nolaka lokuxoshwa.Ubuntwana nentsha
Ama-thetistocles azalelwe e-Athene cishe ngo-524 BC. U-Eri, waqhamuka ohlwini olukhulu lwapristi. Uyise wabizwa ngokuthi uNekl, futhi imininingwane mayelana nonina iyimpikiswano. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kwakungengelona labantu base-Athene futhi uhlobo lwalulula kakhulu, kepha iNdodana yayinamalungelo onke wesakhamuzi senqubomgomo, ngoba yazuza ifa kusuka kuYise. Kamuva, ngesikhathi sePericale, imishado enjalo yayithathwa njengeyinto engekho emthethweni, futhi izingane ezivela emindenini enjalo zaqashelwa njengokungemthetho.
I-Thetistokla yayinenhlanhla yokuzalwa ngaphambi kokwamukelwa komthetho onyanyisayo ekubenzelwa yizakhamizi, kepha akakwazanga ukuziqhayisa ngemithetho ephakeme emphakathini. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, isiGreki sasijwayele ukwethemba yena kuphela, safuna ukuthuthukisa amandla angaphakathi nenkululeko. Uthisha wabona izici ezikhanyayo kuwo hhayi umlingiswa olula futhi waqanjwa ukuthi ingane ngeke ibe i-mediocre.
"Okuthile okuhle, noma okuhle, noma okubi, kufanele kuqhamuke kulo mncane wase-Athene," kusho umeluleki, ebheka umfana.Futhi akazange athande umkhosi futhi ezinye izingane zijabulela imidlalo, ziphumule ezifundweni, zigxile ekubonisweni noma ekuboniseni izinkulumo. Ukuvuthwa kwensizwa kwenzeka ngokumelene nesizinda sokungazinzi kwezepolitiki kanye nokuguqulwa njalo kwamandla. UTirana wangena esikhundleni somunye, esebenzisa ukubulawa kwabantu, nentando yeningi e-Athene wazama ukusungula kuphela nge-clisphen ku-510 BC. Ns. Ngemuva kokwethulwa kwe-ostracism enkonhlini, amaTiranan nezinye izakhamizi ezingabazisayo ezixoshile, futhi idolobha laqala ukuchuma.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UPlutarch ubhala ukuthi impilo yomuntu siqu yowesifazane yayigcwele ngandlela thile, ngoba uJehova wamshiya ngisho nangowokumka. Kodwa-ke, uma i-Atheneist iscation futhi ihamba ebusheni bakhe, yabe isepholile futhi yaqala umndeni. Unkosikazi wakhe waba umlando ovela eDemalote, owazala umlingani oshade naye, ama-artontol, ePolevkta kanye noKleofanta. Ngasikhathi sinye bathi izingane zakwabanye abesifazane abaseGreek babengekho ngaphansi kwesikhombisa.Ukukhuthala
Uhlelo olusha lwezepolitiki olusungulwe e-Athene luvunyelwe ukuza namandla kulabo bantu abangakwazanga ukucabanga ngakho. Ngakho-ke ama-femunacles angahlukana phezulu ngenxa yezimfanelo ezinhle kuphela. Wayazi ukuthi ungashisa kanjani futhi waphefumulelwa ukuba akhulume, abonakale futhi afake oxhumana nabo. Le nsizwa yayinenkumbulo enhle kakhulu, iphikisana ngokuqiniseka, yaba nesipho sezinhlangano futhi yanqoba kalula ukuzethemba.
Lapho eseduzane kubantu, ngo-494 BC. Ns. I-TheThestoCles yaba i-Archon - isikhulu somsebenzi, esithe xaxa esigqokile. Wathatha izinguquko ezazivumela ukuguqula i-Athene ibe yisimo sasolwandle esiqinile. Ngenxa yemisebenzi kaGreg Polis, imikhumbi yamasosha isithole imikhumbi yamasosha eyawunikeza amandla. Ngemuva kokunqoba kwe-Commander yase-Athene kaMiltiad empini yaseMarathon ye-Femininles yabamba umlilo ngamakhomishini.
Bakwazile ukubabona ezimpini ezinde zezimpi zaseGreco-Persian. Ukuxabana kokuqala okukhulu kwenzeka e-agemimia. Lapho, u-Archt ngekhono wagijima ngemikhumbi ephathiswe yona, kepha ukunqotshwa kweSpartan Tsar Leonid empini yasemapulazini nasekufeni kwakhe, kanye namasosha angama-300, aphoqa amaGreek ukuba aphendule imikhumbi.
Kodwa-ke, izitha zokuzibandakanya kobuqili beNkosi yasePheresiya ye-Xerxes eMpumalanga Ye-Salamina, lapho abase-Athene bephulwe yizimbangi, behlanganisa impumelelo empini yezwe ngokukhokha ngo-479 BC. Kwaqala kanjalo inkazimulo yase-Athene nokuphakama kwabo phezu kweminye imizi yamaGrikhi. Amagugu anqotshwe atshaliwe lapho ephindaphindwayo kwamandla ezempi enqubomgomo.
Kodwa-ke, ukuzuzwa kwenhlanganyelo akunakufakwa ukuphakanyiswa kwezakhamizi ezikanye nazo ezazisola ukuthi esifisweni sokuqinisa amandla e-Athene futhi, mhlawumbe, ngisho nangaphezu kwawo wonke owami yonke. Lokhu kuphambene nemigomo yentando yeningi, izisekelo zowesifazane ngokwakhe zazikade zilethe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amadolobha ayeneme ngentela, umbusi wase-Athene aqoqwe kubo, ahlambalazele ekufumbeni. Ekugcineni, izakhamizi esikanye nazo zaxosha uMsindisi wazo ezindongeni zomuzi.
Ukushona
Ama-femunocel aphathwe yi-ostracism akwazi ukushayela ezungeze uPaul Greece, avumelana nge-Argos, eKerkira, e-Epiro naseSracase. UPochka nodumo u-Athene batholakala e-Asia, lapho inkosi yasePheresiya u-Archaxerxx yanikeza khona umkhuzi odumile kubaphathi bamadolobha amaningana. Kodwa-ke, iBliss yaqhubeka kungakapheli: umbusi wayala ukuba angaphansi aqale umkhankaso wokulwa namaGrikhi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izwe lakubo lasolwa ngokuvukela umbuso futhi ligwetshwe ukufa, kwamukelwa i-feministocle enjalo yamukelwa ihlazo futhi yaphuza ubuthi.Ukuzibulala kubhekwa njengembangela yokufa kwe-Athene Strategist, ngokwenye inguqulo, washonelwa kusukela endala, ngemuva kwakho konke ngo-459 BC. Ns. Le ndoda yayikude kakhulu.
Ithuna elinokushoya lamaGrikhi lakhiwa ngama-magnesia-on-messenna embusweni we-achmenidov, lapho umkhuzi kanye nenzalo yakhe bahlonishwa khona njengamaqhawe. Ukwahlulela ngesithombe, amanye amanxiwa asala edolobheni, futhi ukungcwatshwa kwalo kowesifazane kususwe ebusweni bomhlaba, noma kunjalo, izici zika-Ania ezibanjwa.
Kwezobuciko
- 1718 - I-Opera Nikol Polgin "Feminocl"
- 1772 - Opera Johanna Christian Bach "Feminoke"
- 1785 - Opera Francois-Andre Filiradora "Feminoke"
- Ngo-1962 - Ifilimu elithi "300 Spartans" (Umlingisi uRalph Richardson)
- Ngo-1975 - I-Love Book of Voronkovaya "Hero of Salamin"
- 2008 - Book Viktor Porchnikova "Wokulunga"
- 2014 - Ifilimu elithi "300 Spartans: Ukuchuma kombuso" (Umlingisi Sullivan Sytemton)