I-Biograge
UJoseph Flavius wayehlala enkathini echumayo eMbusweni WaseRoma, wayengumuntu owayephila ngesikhathi sabaphostoli namakhosi akhazimulayo, kodwa anonyayo. Ummeleli wobuzwe obungumJuda wasebenza eziphathweni zomlando, lapho isiphetho sabaprofethi nabantu abajwayelekile sihlangana khona.Ukudabuka
UJosef bin matetiam, odume ngoJoseph Flavius, wazalelwa ezweni lamaJuda - edolobheni laseJerusalema lakudala. Emndenini lapho isazi-mlando kanye ne-warlord yesikhathi esizayo sakhuliswa khona, kwakukhona amadoda amaningi adumile adumile.
Ubaba kaMathewu wayethathwa njengenzalo yamaJuda okuqala ezwe asebenzisa igunya emibuthanweni yompristi ophakeme. Njengelungu le-oda lenkolo leNkosi ukuvikela kukaLawyariv, Wayengumpristi wethempeli lesibili, elingenamkhawulo ngamalungelo.
USimon Pchello, uJoseph ophelelwe yisikhathi, wayengubuningi bezaziso, kanye nenzalamizi kuphela yomndeni wangaphambi komndeni. Kuma-100s ku n. Ns. UNgqongqoshe weSonto laseJerusalema wasabisa ngababusi bamaJuda futhi waphila ngokuthula nabantu.
Umama, owayengasaziwa, wayenezimpande ezinhle zeMiddle East Aristocrats namakhosi amade afile. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi i-warlord kwakuyindlalifa ye-Ionophan futhi ichazwe ezincwadini zamaMccaeewec zabaholi babantu basendulo.
Ngokubambisana nomfowabo, uJosefa kwadingeka abe yisikhonzi sehlelo futhi athathe indawo ehlonishwayo ku- "Queule 24". URabi, owayenesibopho sokwakhiwa kwamalungu omndeni ophethwe, ekufezeni le nhloso, ngokuba namandla okusiza.
UFlavius wayethathwa njengelunelukuluku, enesiphiwo esemusha, ngokushesha wahlonipha abafundisi bezenkolo. Umfana wayenesifiso emlandweni wokuthula kwanamuhla nokulandisa okuphathelene nabantu abasezingeni eliphakeme.
Isimo sokuziphatha sakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya eliqondile lesonto, le nsizwa yathatha umhlalaphansi emphakathini eneminyaka engu-16. Ngaphansi kobuholi bezilwane zasendle zokugeza, okuholela indlela yokuphila evaliwe, kwaqanjwa ukuncipha kwazalelwa kuJoseph.
Ngesikhathi sobumfihlo, uFlavius wathatha ngezimfundiso zeSaddukeev, ngokusekelwe ezinhlosweni zabaprofethi bezikhathi zebhayibheli eliqhele. Ukunakwa kwesazi-mlando esizayo kwaheha ukuthi ungubani uMose, amalungu ahlanganisiwe ezizwe zakudala ezihlakazekile.
Ukuze alondoloze idumela elenziwe amadlozi, uFlavius ngosizo lothisha afundwe amaGrikhi. Isifiso sokuzakhela umkhuzi wesikhathi esizayo ukuze sifunde futhi sicabange kabusha ngezincwadi zezinto eziphilayo.
Ngosuku lokugubha iminyaka engama-20, ukwenqatshwa kwangaphambilini kwahlangana nabaFarisi baseJerusalema, inkolo kanye nomphakathi kwabantu abancane abakhuthele. Imibono yabo kuJohane uMbhapathizi noJesu Kristu waseNazaretha yashiwo eTestamenteni elisha nezindatshana ezinyathelisiwe.
UJoseph wasekela ubudlelwano nomndeni wamaJuda anethonya, izenzo zakhe zazithukuthele futhi zicasulwa abathengi namakhosi. Lapho eneminyaka engu-26, yena, ngenxa yobuciko, wathola ukukhululwa kokungaphazanyiswa kusuka kuRoma Okov.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izakhamizi zaseJerusalema zavukela ubushiqela, futhi uFlavius waba yimpi, eyahola amabutho ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi. U-Osada Gamalu, iWirzavia, ama-Tiberiads noWoodlapata waba yinganekwane ethathwe ezincwadini zekhulu leminyaka.
UVespasian, ohlaselwa umnyuziyamu wamaJuda, uFlavia ophoqelekile waphendukela ekubulaweni kwabalingani nabangane. Inzalo yabapristi abakhulu banikela ngombusi weRoma, kuphela lapho kunabantu abambalwa kakhulu eqenjini lakhe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umlando nge-warlord titis flavie vespasian ethonya ngokumangalisayo ikusasa nempilo yomuntu siqu. Bathunjwe e-Iosifa, uJosefa wabikezela ngokushona kukaNero futhi waphefumulela ngokungafanele kokuvusa ithemba elimangalisayo.Umbusi waseRoma osanda kumelwa umkhosi uthole uJosefa owashade naye, kepha ubudlelwano abuzange bube yizizathu eziningi ezingaziwa. Ekuqaleni kuka-71, isazi-mlando kanye nomholi wamaJuda bathola impesheni kanye nesimo sesakhamuzi samahhala saseRoma.
Ngasikhathi sinye, wadlala umshado nomJuda we-Alexandria, kwavela amadodana amathathu asemthethweni emshadweni. UFlavius Girkan, ukuqhubeka kwesiko lokuhleleka kwe-Lawyariva, kwaba yikuphela kwezingane ezisinda eminyakeni yokuqala.
UmJuda wamaGreek, umkaJosefa wokugcina osemthethweni wabaseGrikhi, imfundo yakhe kanye nomlingiswa bakhanga amadoda amahle. Isimo sezulu sezingane uFlavius Yustus noFlavius SimoniPA Agrippa babenamathuba angempela okuthola ama-vertices omphakathi.
Ukudala
Ekuvuthweni, uJoseph Flavius wayehlala endaweni yaseRoma, wanikezwa okuqukethwe, indlu kanye nenkululeko yemiphakathi eminingana. Umhlanganyeli wokuvukelwa kwamaJuda wawungumlutha wezincwadi futhi wadala izincwadi lapho abantu bengabafokazi kuye kwakungeyona iqhawe langaphandle.
Ukushicilelwa kokuqala okuyisisekelo okufinyelele manje, sekuphenduke umsebenzi wevolumu ehlukahlukene "Impi yamaJuda". Ngokusekelwe kokuvelayo kwakhe, umbhali uchaze izehlakalo ezenzeka ezweni lamaJuda aziphila iminyaka eyishumi.
Esingenisweni, uFlavius wathatha uhambo lokuya endabeni yamaJuda futhi wakhumbula u-Ahazi, inzalo kaDavide namanye amakhosi amakhulu. Ukuvinjezelwa nokubhujiswa kweJerusalema nguMbusi waseMbusi wesikhathi esizayo uVesperian wabangela isivunguvungu semizwa kuyo.
E "Autobiography", kubhekiselwe iminyaka yeBhodi Yasekhaya, uJosefa waqhubeka ebonisana ngempi yamaJuda. Umsebenzi womsebenzi omncane wawungumfanekiso wemicabango eyafika kubaphathi bangaphambili.
Isazi-mlando uYustus Tiberia asola uJoseph Flavia ukuthi wahlazeka amakhulu abantu abangenacala. Umbhali waphika ukuthi wayengowokuqala ukukhulisa ukuvukela okuthandwayo, okwabangela izinkulungwane eziningana akekho noyedwa ongazange adinge ukufa.
Ukugwetshwa kwezitatimende kwakukhona ekwelashweni "ngokumelene ne-apion" kubhekiswe kuhlelo lolimi lwePlestonik - ummeleli wabaseGibhithe. Ephendula "isikhalazo ngamaJuda", uJosefa waveza ukuphikisa futhi wathi isikhundla sombhali ukunyundela nokukhohlisa.
Ukuvuselela umlando wamaJuda kwaba yincwadi ethi "Izimpi Zasendulo ZamaJuda", lapho kwakusetshenziswa khona izinganekwane zezizwe zakwa-Israyeli zasendulo. UFlavius wayekholelwa ukuthi isiko lenzalo yakwaJuda noDavide babusa abanye ngezikhathi zebhayibheli.
Ukuqhubeka kukaJoseph kwaba umthombo wolwazi olubaluleke kakhulu lwesayensi, abacwaningi bakaJerome, abakwa-Esubius noTerertullian bavimba. Ukusuka maphakathi nekhulu le-XVI, izincwadi ezibhalwe nguFlavieem zazikhonzwa njengenoveli ebikiwe yobisi egcwele.
Ukushona
Akukho lutho olwaziwa ngezizathu nesikhathi sokufa kokufa komkhuzi, eminyakeni yamuva nje wayephila futhi wasebenza ngaphansi kwegceke lombusi. UDomitian ovela kwi-Flaviev Dynasty, eyayizongena esikhundleni seVespasiana, cishe yayikhona lapho kuphela iminyaka eyi-100-110.I-Bibliography
- "Impi YamaJuda"
- "Impilo" ("autobiography")
- "Izindatshana ZamaJuda"
- "Endulo Yabantu BamaJuda"
- "Ukulwa ne-Apion"
- "Ekubusweni Kwengqondo"