I-Biograge
Igama likaMikhail Speransky libeka umugqa owodwa noHulumeni Womhlaba Wezwe. Umbuso wemvelaphi engangabazeki wakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu ngenxa yengqondo nokusebenza kanzima. Umkhwekazi wasebenza njengonobhala woMbusi u-Alexander I, nangaphansi kukaNicolae ngabeka izisekelo zesayensi yezomthetho eRussia. Ngoba ukufanelekela ePabare kwanikeza isihloko sesibalo.Ubuntwana nentsha
UMikhail Mikhailovich wazalwa ngoJanuwari 1, 1772 edolobhaneni laseKerkutino, eyayiyingxenye yesiFundazwe saseVladimir, futhi waba izibulo emndenini. Ubaba wakhonza ethempelini, umama wayeyindodakazi ye-dyakon. UVasger Vasily wahlanganyela emfundweni yengane, eyatshela umzukulu ngedivayisi yomhlaba. UMisha ufunde ekuqaleni kokufunda. Ebuntwaneni waqoshwa eVladimir Diocesan Seminary Seminary.
Lapha umfundi akazange athole kuphela ulwazi, kodwa futhi nesibongo se-Speransky, isisekelo segama lesiLatini Spero 'laliyithemba'. Ngakho-ke, kungahunyushwa ngokuthi "ukwengeza ithemba." Futhi i-seminarist esencane yabonisa ngempela ukuhlukunyezwa, inkumbulo enhle kakhulu, ikhono lokuhlola zombili izikhungo zomuntu nezemvelo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu e-biography yoMthetho iye yathuthuka kakhulu. Ngo-1798, uMikhail Mikhailovich wamakwa nge-Elisabeth Stevens eneminyaka engu-17. Umlingani weSperansky wenzeka emndenini womfundisi wase-Anglican. Ngemuva konyaka, kwazalwa indodakazi, yaqanjwa ngokuthi umama. Kodwa-ke, injabulo ukubukeka kwengane yathuthukiswa ngokushona kowesifazane wokuqala eChakhotka.Ukuhamba kukankosikazi wakhe kwaba yinhlekelele yendoda yamcwilisa. Ukuphila kwempilo kaRetermer kuhlala yedwa kuphela, wayengenazo ezinye izingane.
Ngo-1822, u-Elizabeth washada noPrince Alexander Frolova-Bagreyev. Kamuva, umzukulu wakhe uMikhail Cantakuzen njengophawu lokuhlonipha ubuhle bomkhulu omkhulu owatholwa ilungelo lokugqoka i-Speransky.
Ukukhuthala
Ngemuva kwesikole semfundo, le nsizwa yaba umfundi we-ST. Petersburg Gogram Academy. Lapho esethole imfundo kulesi sikhungo, wahlala lapha futhi waqala ukuqhuba amakilasi ngokwezifiso zesayensi ngokwemvelo. Izifundo zazihlanganisa izibalo, i-physics, ubuhlakani. Kusukela ngo-1795, wathola unobhala wasekhaya wasePrince Alethei Borisovich Kurakina, ekuhambeni okufanayo kuyaqhubeka.
Lapho, ngo-1796, uPawulu ngikhuphuka esihlalweni sobukhosi, isikhulu sasithatha isikhundla somshushisi futhi saphakamisa iSperansky ukushiya ukufundisa nokuqala inkonzo ehhovisi. Wavuma futhi esimweni someluleki we-titale wajoyina ihhovisi lehhovisi.
Esikhathini esifushane, uMikhail Mikhailovich washeshe wakhuphuka ileli. Kakade ezinyangeni ezi-3 ngemuva kokuthola umsebenzi kahulumeni, isikhundla sombukiso wasekolishi samukelwa, kwathi ngoDisemba 1799 waba ngumeluleki we-stat.
Ngo-1801, u-Alexander ngathatha indawo kayise, futhi emva kwalokhu, iSperansky yabona esinye isikhundla - ungowasembuso wombuso eDmitry Prokofivich Trochinsky, owenza imisebenzi yoNobhala Wezwe eMbusiseni Omusha. Ngokoma kokushintsha impilo ezweni kube ngcono, indodana kaPawulu engangifuna ukubamba izinguquko eziningi eRussia, maqondana nalokho okwenziwa yikomidi elingekho emthethweni, lapho aqoqa khona abantu abanomqondo ofanayo.
Ekuncomeni komsekeli womsekeli wemibono yakhe ye-Count Viktor Pavtor Pavlovich Kochibey Alexander Pavlovich wabheka isisebenzi esinekhono. Ngemuva komkhosi wombusi, uMikhail Mikhailovich wasiza kangangokuba amaphrojekthi amaningana ekuhlelweni kabusha kombuso. Ngokushesha ekuvikelweni kweKochibey, wangena embuthanweni wabantu achaza inqubomgomo yezwe.
Kukhululwe ngo-1803, kwakhululwa isimemezelo kuma-blades wamahhala, ekwakhiweni kwawo iSperansky nayo yabandakanyeka. Ngokusho kwedokhumenti, abanini bomhlaba bakwazi ukukhipha ama-serfs ngokulengiswa umhlaba wabo. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Alexander I, abantu abangama-37 bathola inkululeko.
Umsizi weNhloko Yezwe akagcinanga lapho elungiselela ukuphepha okubalulekile, kodwa futhi wahamba nendodana kaPaul I n'ma ohambweni lwezindawo. Ngo-1808, umhlangano wombusi noNapoleon I Bonaparte wenzeka nge-erfurt. Ngesikhathi sokujwayela komuntu siqu sombusi waseFrance wanqoba imfundo yomeluleki waseRussia. Ngokuya ngenganekwane, waphakamisa nokuthi u-Alexander Pavlovich uzomnika uMikhail Mikhailovich ukushintshana ngoMbuso othile.
Ukubuyela eRussia, iSperansky yaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa imithetho emisha. Ngo-1809, wethula izinguquko zezimali ezisalungiswa, kamuva wadedelwa isimemezelo sakhe ezivivinyweni ezikule. Ngokusho kwakhe, izigaba zomhloli wekolishi kanye nomeluleki we-stat babelwa kuphela lapho kukhona idiploma yeyunivesithi noma ngokunikezela kwezifundo zaseyunivesithi. Lokhu okusha kwabangela ukunganeliseki emphakathini, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezicukuthwane nezikhulu, ezilimele "ezilimele" kakhulu.
Kwakhethwe uSolsiracies ngokumelene nomguquki, u-Alexander ngangihlala ebhekene nomeluleki, ethi waphendula ngokuzumayo ngombusi. Ekuqaleni, uMbusi waseRussia washiya la mahemuhemu ngaphandle kokunaka, kodwa kancane kancane walilalela ithonya labakhangi. Ngo-1812, iSperansky yasolwa ngokuvukela umbuso, baboshwa futhi badingiswa ukuba bathunjwe, bese kuba khona impahla enkulu.
Ukuze uvikeleke ubukhona, unobhala wesimo sombuso uthengisa izipho ezitholwe insizakalo. U-Opan waphela ngo-1816, khona-ke uMikhail Mikhailovich wathunyelwa ePenza njengombusi omusha.
Ngo-1819 waqokwa ngokungazelelwe ngumbusi-jikelele weSiberia. Ukufika e-Irkutsk, indoda ethile yabona ukwephulwa okuningi okwenziwe yizikhulu zendawo, kwaqala ukuguqula imisebenzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kungenzeka ukuthi kufinyelelwe intuthuko enkulu empilweni yabantu bendawo.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, lezombuso ikwazile ukubuyela eSt. Futhi ngoDisemba, iSperankyky yalungiselela i-manifesto ekushintsheni kwamandla kuNicholas I.
Inkosi entsha yayala uMikhail Mikhailovich ukubamba ikhodi yemithetho eshicilelwe embusweni wamakhulu amabili okugcina. Ngo-1827, kwalungiswa ababili - "umhlangano ogcwele wemithetho yoMbuso WaseRussia" kanye "nemithetho yemithetho yoMbuso WaseRussia". Ngo-1834, ngokusekelwa kweSperansky, isikole sezomthetho esiphakeme, esasipheka abameli. Kusukela ngo-1835, wenza uthisha u-Alexander Nikolayevich, umbusi wesikhathi esizayo.
Ukushona
NgoJanuwari 1839, ukuba ngaleso sikhathi umeluleki ofanele oyimfihlo, uMikhail Mikhailovich wathola isihloko esifundani, kodwa wamgqoka isikhathi eside. Kakade ngoFebhuwari wonyaka ofanayo, washona. Imbangela yokufa isiphenduke amakhaza. Ithuna lesifundazwe lisendaweni ye-Alexander Nevsky Lavra.Ukukhumbula
- IMedal yegolide eqanjwe ngoM. M. Speransky
- IMnyuziyamu nehholo Lombukiso edolobhaneni laseCherkutino
- UMikhail Speransky Street edolobhaneni laseCherkutino, St. Petersburg, Vladimir, Tyumen, Penza, Ulan-Ude,
- Isikwele Mikhail Speransky e-Irkutsk
- Igama leSperansky liyikhono lezomthetho eMoscow naseVladimir, isikhungo e-Irkutsk, izikole eRostov-on-Don neVladimir
- Itshe lesikhumbuzo ku-Speransky ePerm, Belgorod nase-Irkutsk
Ukulungisa
- Ukuguqulwa kwe-Chesky Production
- Ukusalungiswa kwesimo sobugebengu soMbuso WaseRussia
- Isimemezelo sezihloko zenkantolo
- Izikhungo zokuphathwa kwezifundazwe zaseSiberia
- Ikhodi yemithetho yoMbuso WaseRussia
- Isimemezelo sama-blades wamahhala
- Isenzo Sokulawula emithethweni eyisisekelo yombuso
- Isenzo Sokulawulwa Ekuvuthweni Kokuthuthuka Komphakathi
- Umthetho Womphakathi Wokulawula Umthetho
- Chaza Izikole Ezingokomoya
- Isenzo Sokulawula ekwakhiweni komkhandlu wombuso
- Uhlelo lokuguqulwa kombuso