I-Biograge
Isihambi saseRussia kanye ne-EthNogrographer Nikolai Miklae-Maclay benza ebhizinisini lakhe elithandekayo ngekhulu le-19, lapho behamba ngomhlaba namanzi kwakuyindaba enzima futhi evame ukungahleleka. Yebo, kanye nezifundela zocwaningo, usosayensi wavotanga ukuthi azitholakali kakhulu - izakhamizi zase-Australia, olwandle kanye nentsha, nokutholwa kwayo akukhathali ngezincazelo zabantu. UMiklukha-Maclay wabuzwa ngezinkinga zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha futhi wazama ukuvikela amalungelo abantu bomdabu beziqhingi ezikude.Ubuntwana nentsha
Lo mhambi wazalwa ngoJulayi 5, 1846 esifundazweni saseNovgorod, kodwa ngemuva kwenyanga kanye nomntwana osanda kuzalwa bathuthela eSt. Petersburg, lapho uyise uNillich athola khona isikhathi sokuqokwa koMnyango Wezitimela. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wenhloko yomndeni, uMikukhi wayesethuthelwa kaninginingi, futhi umkakhe u-Ekaterina Semenovna Becker, okwamanje, wabeletha izingane. UKOLYA wayenabafowethu nodadewethu abathathu.
Abazali besosayensi babengokwabafundisi, futhi kunzima ukukhuluma ngobuzwe: babenezimpande zaseRussia, zaseJalimane nezamaPoland. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uYise wasebenza kanzima futhi akazange anciphise impilo yezempilo, isifo sofuba esigulayo kule nkonzo, isimo esibonakalayo somndeni sasinzima. Le nkinga yanda ngemuva kokufa kukaNikolai Ilishich ngo-1857, lapho umfelokazi nemifelokazi yakhe eshiywe ngaphandle kwezimpesheni nokonga. Umama wazama ukuthola imali ngemidwebo, futhi ezinye izinto ezincane ezifakiwe zifakwe ezitokisini.
Imfundo yokuqala yezingane yayiganwe othisha nakuma-miklohi athengiswa ngayo ngamaJalimane naseFrance. Ngenxa yalokho, kulezi zifundo kuphela e-Gymnasium Nikolai ezazinezilinganiso ezinhle, kubo bonke abanye athola kakhudlwana. Amakilasi umfana aphuthelwe futhi aze ahlale amahlandla ambalwa ngonyaka wesibili, isizathu sokuthi kukhona izinkinga ngempilo nentshiseko yale ndoda yasekhaya. Isibonelo, imibhikisho yomphakathi yokubamba iqhaza lapho ayeba khona ngisho afakwe ngisho nangeminyaka eyi-15.
UNikolai akazange aqede i-Gymnasium futhi wanquma ku-freencerror eSt. Petersburg University, lapho ayengabambezeleka khona ngenxa yokubamba iqhaza kokuvuselelwa kwabafundi. Ngenxa yalokho, uMiklukha wasuka eJalimane, lapho afunda khona kwifilosofi yase-University of Heidelberg University, kwathi eLeiiidelberg University, kwathi eLeiiidelberg University, kwathi eLeipzig nasemanyuvesi aseLeipzig nase-Ian, lapho aqala khona ukutadisha umuthi, izinkanyezi kanye nezolimo.
Imali yayingenele ukukhokhwa kwezindlu kanye nezifundo, le nsizwa yabe isifiso sokukhuthazela nokuphikelela, ngenxa yokunakwa komholi wesayensi ka-Ernst Geckel kwaqashelwa. Ukuya kuhambo oluya eCanary Islands, wamema umfundi onethalente naye. Lolu kwakuwuhambo lokuqala lokucwaninga lukaMikloukhi, lapho asiza khona ikhanda esifundweni se-Fauna ye-Atlantic nakule nqubo ngisho nomthelela kwi-biology, evula uhlobo olusha lwesiponji se-limestone.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UNikolay ubelokhu enesifiso ngabobulili obuhlukile nobudlelwano bezothando, ngenkathi umfundi eJalimane. Kodwa-ke, izinguquko ezinkulu empilweni yomuntu siqu zichazwe e-Australia, lapho ahlangana khona nendodakazi yombusi weNew South Margaret Robertson Clark. Abazali be-bridesmaid abazange bajabule ngokukhetha kwendodakazi yakhe: umkhwenyana wahlukaniswa ngempilo ebuthakathaka, intukuthelo enengqondo, wayengenasongo, futhi wayehlose ukususa intombazane eRussia eRussia.
Kodwa-ke, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi somshado kabusha, uMargaret ulahlekelwe irenti eqinile, ayithola entandweni yokuqala, wavuma ukuhlanganyela kulo mhambi waseRussia, futhi umshado wenzeka ngoFebhuwari 27, 1884.
Umehluko enkolweni futhi awuzange ube yisithiyo esiphethweni seNyunyana, lapho kwazalwa khona amadodana amabili, u-Alexander noVladimir. Igatsha lase-Australia lenzalo ye-Ethnographer, umkhulu omkhulu nobukhulu bayo obuhlala eSydney, eMelbourne naseCanberre.
Lapho umsebenzi wesiteshi sokucwaninga uNikolai Nikolayevich eNew South Wales wamiswa, wathutha umndeni waya eRussia, izifo zashukumisela impilo yakhe kangangokuba umkakhe ngokushesha waba umfelokazi. UMargaret Miklakho-Maclay ubengafuni ukuhlala ezweni elingumhlaseli futhi ngasekupheleni kuka-1888 abuyela e-Australia, ebeliqonda ngaphambili ngezinqolobane namagugu omyeni wakhe. Umbusi u-Alexander III ukhokhele umfazi ophambene nohambo oluphambene futhi wavikela impesheni yakhe yokuphila impilo yakhe yonke ngemali eqinile.
Isayensi kanye nohambo
Uhambo lokuqala olude olukhazinyulisiwe uMiklukho-Maclay lwaqala ngo-1870, lapho efika emkhunjini wamasosha eVitha nohambo oluya eGuinea entsha. Njengoba sesihlale kulesi siqhingi isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, i-ethnomgrographer yafunda impilo yansuku zonke, isimilo namasiko amaPapuans, akwazile ukunqoba inhlonipho nokuzethemba kwabo.Akazange kuphela nencazelo eningilizayo yama-melaseesia, kodwa futhi aphakamise inkinga yohlanga lwesintu, efakazela ukuthi izakhamizi eziqhingini ezikude zingabameli abaphezulu besintu, hhayi isigaba sezinkawu esendleleni eya e-Homo Sapiens. Umsebenzi wesigqila wabonakala njengososayensi ongamukeleki.
Ucwaningo lwe-Anthropological kanye ne-ethnographic Nikolayevich lwaqhubeka ePhilippines, emazweni ase-Oceania nase-Indonesia, kodwa kwabuyelwa kaningi eGuinea entsha. E-Australia, usosayensi wabandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwesiteshi se-zoological, esasifunda umhlaba wezilwane wezwe. Ngenxa yalokho, emazweni akude ahlukile, isihambi saseRussia sachitha isikhathi esingaphezu kwezwe lakubo.
Ukushona
Ngempilo yakhe emfushane, uMiklukha-Maclary akazange agule kakhulu, kufaka phakathi ukuvuvukala okuphindaphindwayo kwamaphaphu, amaphaphu, i-neuralgia, i-rheumatism kanye nomalaleveva. Ukuhlaselwa kokulaba kwamxosha kusukela ebusheni kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku. Ngo-40, uNikolai Nikolayevich wayebuthakathaka kakhulu, elahlekile futhi enolwazi lobuhlungu obuhlala njalo. Wazama ukusebenza, nokho, ekuqaleni kuka-1888 wayengeke esakwazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kwe-morphine.
Ukufa komhambi kwakwandulwa ngokuhlushwa: IBronchitis ne-Pneumonia yengezwa ku-insomnia, edema, ukuhlanza kanye nezinkinga zohlelo lwe-musculoskeletal. Ephreli 2, usosayensi akazange. Imbangela yokufa yasungulwa kuphela ngekhulu lama-20: lapho iMnyuziyamu ye-anthropology kanye ne-ethnography yadluliselwa emnyuziyamu kanye ne-ethnography ngo-1938, wahlola umdlavuza owathola umdlavuza emihlathini.
I-ethnographher yangcwatshwa ngombono wangempela we-vovkovsky cemetery yaseSt. Petersburg. Uhlale emlandweni njengoMthombo we-Profile wemvelo, ngasikhathi sinye efake isandla e-geography, i-biology, i-anthropology, i-geology, i-Ocealogy kanye nezinye izindawo ezihlobene nesayensi. Isithombe somcwaningi sihlobisa izindonga zamahhovisi esikole, futhi i-biography yakhe yaqala izincwadi namafilimu.
Ukukhumbula
- UMiklukho-Maclay uqobo, ngokusho kwelungelo lomcwaningi wokuqala, waqamba igama lakhe ogwini lonke ugu lweNew Guinea
- UMfula uMfula iMakeley River e-Astrolabia Bay
- Igama elithi Miklohukha-Maclay eliqanjwe i-Bay of the Ocean Southern Off ogwini lwe-Antarctica (Land Wilx)
- I-Asteroid 3196 Maklaj (Maklaj)
- Izikhumbuzo zososayensi ezifakiwe e-Okgovka (Novgorod esifundeni), Malina, Sevastopol, Jakastop
- Imigwaqo yaseMiklukho-Maclay ikhona eMoscow naseMadanga (New Guinea New Guinea)
- Idolobhana elisanda kusungulwa eduze kwaseCape Garagasi ngo-2017 lathola igama elisemthethweni Mikhakho-Maclay
- UMikLukha-Maklai motor Wilpip
- Ifilimu lesici "Miklukh-Maklai". Umqondisi A. E. Kunengqondo
- Ifilimu lesici "Ugu lwempilo yakhe". Umqondisi Yu. M. Solomin
- Ikhathuni "Indoda Evela ENyanga"
- Umculo "I-Equator"