I-Biograge
Usosayensi wasendulo uPolybiy waziwa ngokuthi isazi-mlando, osopolitiki, i-warlord kanye nomlobi wemisebenzi eyisisekelo efinyelela kancane kosuku lwanamuhla. Umlobi wahumusha amakhulu emicimbi yezehlakalo ezingokoqobo ezenzeka eGreece nasezifundweni ezingomakhelwane ukusuka ku-220 kuya ku-146 kuye ku-N. Ns.Ubuntwana nentsha
Ngokusho kwabantu abafunda umlando wezwe lasendulo, i-polybiy yazalwa cishe ngo-200 BC. Ns. Edolobheni lamaGrikhi laseMegalopolis, elalitholakala ePeninsula elibizwa ngePoponNonnese. I-biography yokuqala yososayensi yaba nomthelela ekuxhumaneni kwegazi nomndeni wama-aristocrats acebile, emphakathini wendawo, ahloniphe okhokho abafundile abasebenzela umbuso.
Ubaba uLout wayengumholi wezempi ovelele kanye nosopolitiki lapho kungukuthi khona inyunyana ye-Ahase. Njengomkhuzi weqembu le-equestrian, iphoyisa lalwa nebutho lengxenye yeLake ingxenye yombusi wekhefu futhi laliphakathi kwamanxusa athunyelwe enkosini yaseGibhithe evela ePtolemwev Dynasty.
Esikhathini sonyaka ovuthiwe, ilungu elinomthelela womphakathi wasendulo wamaGrikhi athola isikhundla sochwepheshe. Lokhu kwavumela umndeni lapho ingane yavela khona, ihlala ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezibonakalayo.
Indodana yomuntu onomthelela onamandla yakhula ngaphansi kokugadwa kothisha. Othisha abasezingeni eliphakeme bamfundisa ukuthi asho kahle imicabango, afunde futhi abhale.
Umsebenzi wenkondlo edumile yeHomer kanye nemisebenzi yefilosofi edumile u-Aristotle yayisetshenziswa njengezinzuzo. Ezintweni zokwakha ama-Classics, umfana wakwazi ubuciko bokuthi ubuciko nezindlela zokwenza izingxabano nabaphikisi abambekile.
Ukwahlulela ngezingcaphuno ezivela ezincwadini, ePolybium, ngokungafani nezakhamizi eziningi, akunandaba nezenkolo. Ngiseyingane, amagama onkulunkulu base-Olympus awamgqugquzela.
Izikhulu ezinolwazi bezibandakanyeka ekuqeqesheni ngokomzimba nangokwezempi, iNdodana yeLilort yaqhutshelwa ekuqaleni amabutho amabutho, futhi wajwayela ukuqeqeshwa kwansuku zonke. Ukwahlulela ama-sculptures asendulo kanye nama-bust, i-polybiy yaba nokubukeka kwesibindi nomzimba othuthuke ngokuvumelanayo.
Lapho sebekhulile, ummeleli womndeni omuhle wahamba nobaba ugcwele amandla ophikweni. Ngenxa yalokho, wayethanda ukugibela nezinyoni ezizingelayo.
Ukuhamba emhlabeni wonke, le nsizwa yamunca imininingwane yokubhala embhalweni "umlando wendawo yonke". Akazange aphuthelwe yithuba lokujwayelana nomuntu ngamunye wabantu abangajwayelekile abahlangana endleleni.
Ebusheni, ongowokuzalwa eGrisi yasendulo wabamba iqhaza emcimbini womngcwabo womkhuzi ovelele, owayekade eyi-Ahasey Strategist. I-warlord yesikhathi esizayo yasithwalwa umlotha we-pilopomen, ibangela umona wamakhulu abantu.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Mayelana nempilo yomuntu siqu yezazi-mlando zePolybia akwaziwa, akukho lwazi emithonjeni yasendulo noma yibafazi asemthethweni.Kodwa-ke, ukushiwo kugcinwa lokho ngenxa yemfundo ephakeme kanye nezinga eliphakeme lobuhlakani, inzalo yama-licaster ithathwe ezindlini ezicebile zeRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma. Kwacatshangelwa ukuthi usosayensi wawina ukuzethemba kweConsul Lucia Emilia Pavel Makedonsky futhi waphakamisa izingane zakhe uFabi noScipio Emiliana.
Emsebenzini, umeluleki wasekela ubudlelwane obunobungane nomfundi owake waba yiqhawe lempi yesithathu yempi elwa neCarthagen, futhi wajoyina "i-scipipion Circle" edumile.
Umsebenzi nobuciko
Ngo-169 noma ngo-170 BC. Ns. IPolybia yaqokwa yi-HIPPUCH. Isikhundla sesikhulu saseCavaldry sivumele izinkulumo eziya kwizakhamizi futhi zithathe uhambo lwezandla. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wokuqala wezepolitiki wawunikelwa kulondolozo lokuzimela kwe-metropolis kanye nokusekelwa kobudlelwano obunokuthula ngezindawo ezingomakhelwane.
Isazi-mlando sasendulo samaGrikhi sasizama ukusungula ukuxhumana nama-Allies oMbuso WaseRoma, adonsele empini yesithathu yaseMakedoniya. Kwamsondeza ekukhethweni eposini, noma umkhuzi-in-induna yedolobha laseDolobha.
Njengomeluleki kumkhuzi, uLucia Emilia Polybii wabamba iqhaza emkhankasweni wokulwa nombusi waseMakedoniya uRendea. Ngesimo salokho okuhluliwe, waba yisiboshwa esisolwa ngokungemthetho ngamalungiselelo amaningi. Ensimini yesiGreek yase-Italy yanamuhla yahlala iminyaka eminingana.
Kungenamkhawulo ekuhambeni kwe-hipparh kubambe iqhaza ekuhambeni kwezifunda ezifundeni zase-Alexandria, eGibhithe, amagagasi kanye nezifundazwe ezise-Atlantic Coast. Lapho ebuya, waya mathupha ukuwa kweCarthage, kamuva lo mcimbi waphenduka imininingwane ekhanyayo yendaba futhi wavimba umnyombo womqondo wabasebenzi abaningi basekhaya.
Ukushintsha isimo sezepolitiki kwavumela uPolybia ukuthi abuyele ekhaya. Wabamba iqhaza emihlanganweni yeKhomishini yeSenate ebandakanyeka eziguqulweni zikazwelonke, futhi waba nomthelela ekugcinweni kwesiko lamaGrikhi.
Ngalesi sikhathi, kwadalwa "umlando wendawo yonke", kwadalwa, ngokusho kombhali, amboze umhlaba wonke ompucuko. Ekuqaleni, isifundo socwaningo kwakuyizimo ezenzeka zisuka ku-220 kuye ku-168 BC. e., Kepha khona-ke isikhathi sesikhathi siye sanda kuze kube yilapho ukuwa kwe-carthage.
Izincwadi ezingama-40 zazithathwa njengenye yezimpumelelo ezinkulu zesayensi yasendulo yamaGrikhi. Ngeshwa, sekugcinwe amavolumu ayi-5 ahlakazekile. Ngokusho kwabo, kungenzeka ukwahlulela umqondo wokubukisa ukulandisa nokwezepolitiki kwePolybia, okwakubheka ukuthi le ndaba yenzelwe ukuphoqa abantu abedlule futhi bethembele ekuhlangenwe nakho kwezizukulwane owaphila emakhulwini amaningi edlule.
Ngasikhathi sinye, wabiza inhlanhla (tyje), eyamukelwa izakhamizi ezinamandla namadolobha aseHulumeni. Isandla sakhe sazibonakalisa ngenhlanhla yenhlanhla noma ngokulindela izehlakalo ezenzeka emphakathini wabalingisi abaphambili bomlando.
Njengesibonelo esibonakalayo, usosayensi wathatha izingxabano phakathi kweHannibal ne-Scipio African, kanye nempi kaTicin, uTrebia, Pidne kanye neCannes. Izincazelo ezimibalabala zalezi kanye nezinye izimpi zesikhathi sokwakhiwa kanye nobukhona bomphakathi wasendulo wamaGrikhi kanye neRepublic yaseRoma manje sekungasetshenziswa njengemifanekiso ethembekile yenkathi yama-Gelleni.
Umbhali we-assay yevolumu enama-multi-wenzelwe ukubheka kwakhe imiqondo yombuso kanye nelungelo, elathonywa izimfundiso zesiStovism. Uveze ukuthi ukwakheka kwalezi zikhala kwenzeka ngokwemvelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi.
Ukushona
Imisebenzi yochwepheshe wasendulo wamaqhinga wesiGreek kanye nesazi-mlando ayaziswa kakhulu emphakathini wobuntu. Emadolobheni amaningi-States, i-polybia yanikeza izindumiso nokuhlonishwa - kokubili empilweni nasekugcineni.
Abantu abaphucukile badabukisa ngokulahleka kwendabuko evelele eMegalolisis evelele, eyafa, ngemibiko ethile, eneminyaka eyi-82.
Mayelana nezimbangela zeqiniso zokufa kukaHellen odumile manje akukho lutho olwaziwayo. ULucian wabika ukuthi lowo owayengumeluleki uLucius Emilia walimala ekwindla esuka ehhashini.