I-Biograge
UMikhail Gorbachev ungumbuso kanye nesibalo somphakathi sekhulu le-XX, elingene ezweni lezepolitiki ngezikhathi zaseSoviet. Ophumelele emvuzweni womhlaba weNobel waba nguMongameli wokuqala futhi kuphela we-USSR, imiphumela yashiya umaki ojulile emlandweni waseRussia, futhi waba nezici ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komhlaba wonke.Ubuntwana nentsha
UGorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich wazalwa ngoMashi 2, 1931 eStavropol Selo enikelwe. Ubaba USergey Andrevich noMama Maria Panteleevna - Abalimi, ngakho-ke ubuntwana bakaMongameli wesikhathi esizayo wabanjwa ngaphandle kwengcebo nokunethezeka. Kamuva emndenini, umfowabo wale nsizwa, u-Alexander, owazinikela impilo endabeni yezempi kwavela.
Ngokusho kwabezindaba, umkhulu uGorbachev kuzo zombili lezi zintambo waqala wacindezelwa okokuqala, kepha izihlobo zibuyele empilweni ejwayelekile. U-Andrei moisevich abhekisela eSiberia epulazini elilodwa, nobaba wePanthery kaMama Efimovich Gopkalo, e-Ukraine ngobuzwe, asolwa ngeTrotskyism ngo-1937. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-14, kwakhululwa owesilisa, futhi ngokushesha walibeka eKolkhoz "ebomvu ngo-Okthoba".
Eminyakeni eyi-10, uMikhail kwadingeka asinde ekuhlalweni kwe-Stavropol, okwabeka umlolo ofaka umlingiswa kanye nesikhundla sezepolitiki ngokuzayo. Ukushaywa okunzima kwe-gorbachev futhi "umhlabeleli" ngegama elithi Sergei. Kepha, ngenhlanhla, umyalezo wawunephutha.
Kusukela eminyakeni engu-13 ubudala uGorbachev wasiza abazali, ehlanganisa isikole sesikole nomsebenzi epulazini elihlanganisiwe: okokuqala wasebenza kumakhekhenikha kanye nogandaganda, futhi kamuva waba umsizi, ukugcwaliseka kwemisebenzi yalokho okwakunzima kakhulu kumuntu osemusha. UMikhail Sergeevich ngo-1949 wanikezwa umyalo wesibhengezo obomvu ukuze agcwaliswe ngokweqile uhlelo lokuhlanza okusanhlamvu.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, uGorbachev ophethe izindondo zesiliva eziqhutshwa esikoleni sendawo futhi waqhubeka nemfundo eMoscow State University e-Law Teamty. Inyuvesi kaMikhail yathatha ngaphandle kwezivivinyo, ngenxa yoMklomelo wombuso otholwe ebusheni.
Eyunivesithi, umphakathi onekhono waholwa yi-Komsomol Organisation of Student, lapho athwebula khona umoya weFoukhIFFT, okuthonye okuthe xaxa kwezwe. Ngo-1952, uMikhail Sergeyevich wamukelwa yilungu le-CPSU, kwathi iminyaka emithathu ngemuva kokuphela okuphumelelayo kwesikhungo semfundo iGorbachev etholwe ngunobhala wokuqala we-golkom vlksm stavropol.
Umsebenzi nezepolitiki
I-Career Mikhail Gorbachev yathuthukiswa ngokushesha. Ngo-1962, lesi sikhulu simiswa saya eposini sokuphambukiswa kweStavropol Territorial Territorial Management, lapho i-Gorbachev ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwesahluko saseSoviet sikaNikita Khrushchev sathola idumela njengenqubomgomo ethembisayo.Umhleli omuhle awuzange ube ne-charisma ekhethekile noma uma kukhumbuleka kwangaphandle, ngakho-ke wagwaza umgwaqo kuphela ngamakhono nezimfanelo ezisebenzayo. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sokukhula kwezilimo eStavropol, uMikhail Sergeevich uzisungule ngokwawo uchwepheshe oholayo emkhakheni wezolimo, kamuva wavuma ukuba ngumqondo we-CPSU ekuthuthukisweni kwalesi sikhala.
Ngo-1974, uGorbachev waqokwa eMkhandlwini Ophakeme we-USSR, lapho umphakathi uholele khona ikhomishini ngezinkinga zentsha. Ngo-1978, le nqubomgomo yadluliselwa eMossomit yaMasikethi eCentral, eyayisungule umholi wangaphambili we-USSR Yury Andropov, owabheka eMikhail Sergeevich efundile futhi enolwazi.
Ngo-1980, uGorbachev wangena kwi-poltowro yeKomidi eliseCACTIAL. Ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe bawela izinguquko eziningi emkhakheni wezomnotho wemakethe nasezinhlelweni zezepolitiki. Ngo-1984, uMikhail Sergeevich emhlanganweni weKomidi Elikhulu le-CPSU Funda lo mbiko "ubuhlakani bukhoma babantu", okwaba okuthiwa "Prelude" kokwakhiwa kabusha kwezwe. Umbiko onethemba watholwa ozakwabo nabantu baseSoviet.
Unobhala Jikelele weKomidi Elikhulu le-CPSU
Ngosizo lokwesekwa futhi kwakha isithombe soMguquko we-Global Reformer, uMikhail Sergeevich ngonyaka we-1985 wakhethwa esikhundleni soNobhala Jikelele weKomidi le-CPSU, ngemuva kwalokho inqubo yentando yeningi yaqala e-USSR ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi kabusha.
Ukuba ngumholi, mhlawumbe amandla anamandla kunawo wonke emhlabeni, uMikhail Gorbachev waqala ukukhipha izwe eliwele ekugxileni. Ngaphandle kohlelo olwenziwe ngokusobala, izinguquko eziningi kwinqubomgomo yangaphandle neyekhaya yeSoviet Union, okuholela ekunciphiseni kombuso.
Ku-akhawunti yeBhodi yeGorbachev "Umthetho owomile", ukushintshaniswa kwemali, ukwethulwa kwe-hosrat, ukunqanyulwa kwempi e-Afghanistan, ukuqedwa kwempi ebandayo yesikhathi eside kanye nokuncipha kosongo lwenuzi . Futhi nezingalo zoNobhala Jikelele weKomidi eliKhuzi eliKhuzi, owayenamandla aphelele ezweni lonke, e-USSR, ukwenziwa kwenkampani kanye nokwehliswa kwenhlangano kanye nokuba buthaka kwe-gorbachev ngaleso sikhathi kuye Thola ukuthandwa phakathi kwabantu.
UMongameli Wokuqala
Ososayensi bezepolitiki bakholelwa ukuthi iphutha eliyinhloko leGorbachev alihambisani nokungahambisani nezomnotho e-USSR, okuholele ekujuleni kobunzima kwezwe, kanye nokunciphisa izinga lokuphila kwezakhamizi. Ngaleso sikhathi, ama-baltic public athatha inkambo yokuya enyunyana, engazange ayivimbele umholi waseSoviet abe nguMongameli wokuqala futhi kuphela wesimo esibhidlikile. Wakhethwa esikhundleni sakhe ngo-1990 ngokomthetho owashintsha.Ngokwezikhathi ezinhle, ochwepheshe bathola ukusungulwa kobudlelwano bezombusazwe kanye nokushintshana kwamanxusa ngeVatican. Ngemuva kokuhlangana noPapa John Paul II, uMikhail Sergeevich washintsha isimo sengqondo maqondana nezindinganiso zobuKristu. NgoJanuwari 1991, i-Orthodox Christmas yamemezela usuku oluvaliwe.
Futhi, okokuqala ngqa ngesigamu sekhulu, inhloko ye-USSR yakhele ubuhlobo obufudumele nomholi waseMelika, ngaleso sikhathi kwakunguGeorge Bush-Senior. Ngemuva kokuphela kwesivumelwano sezohwebo emashalofini ezitolo zaseSoviet, kwavela i-chuck eqandisiwe, ebizwa ngokuthi "imilenze ehlathini". Ngaphambi kwalapho, uGorbachev wazama ukusungula ukuxhumana noRonald Reagan.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ipolitiki yangaphakathi yathambile. Kodwa-ke, ukuncipha kokulawula phezu komphakathi kuholele emhlanganweni waseSoviet Union, izwe lamboza igagasi leziteleka, futhi inhlekelele yezomnotho iholele ekuyekezeni okuphelele nokuhlaselwa okungonalutho ezitolo. Ngaleso sikhathi, ingxenye ye-10 yegolide egcinwe kwegolide "yadliwe", isimo e-USSR sasondela ephuzwini elibucayi. UMikhail Sergeevich akakwazanga ukuvimba ukuwa kwenyunyana kanye nokwesula kwakhe kokusuka eposini likaMongameli.
Ngo-Agasti 1991, okwakukhona okwababikisi bakaGorbachev, okwakuhlanganisa izikhonzi zeSoviet eziningana, kwamemezela ukwakhiwa kwe-GCCP (IKomidi LoMbuso kuLamcp (Ikomidi LoMbuso) futhi kwafuna igunya elivela kuMikhail Sergeevich.
Lesi sikhulu sabe sesise-Crimean Foros asikwamukeli lezi zidingo, sivusa gosperary ahlomile ezweni, ebize u-August Putch. Lapho-ke abaholi be-RSFSR babesekelwa abaholi be-RSFSR, kufaka phakathi iBoris Yeltin, u-Alexander Rutsk, uRuslan Kharsbulatov no-Ivan Silay.
NgoNovemba, maqondana noMikhail Sergeevich, kwavulwa icala lobugebengu ngenxa yesibindi. Ngakho-ke umsizi omkhulu kumshushisi jikelele wabheka ukuqashelwa yibuholi benkululeko yezwe yama-baltic ama-ballic. Kepha umshushisi uJenene uNikolay Trubin ngokwakhe waqedela umphumela ngesizathu sokuthi lesi sinqumo sithathe uMkhandlu wombuso, futhi hhayi iGoryachev uqobo.
Ngo-December 1991, amaRiphabhulikhi ayi-11 asayina isivumelwano saseBelovezhskaya ekusungulweni kwe-CIS, okwakukhona ubufakazi bokuthi ukunqanyulwa kokuba khona kwe-USSR, naphezu kokuphikisana kukaGorbachev. Emva kwalokho, uMongameli washiya phansi wasuka e-Politics isikhashana.
Ngemuva kokwesula
Ukuhlolwa yiNhlangano ye-Gorbachev ye-Gorbachev ekufezekisweni kwezwe kuyamangaza: Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi uletha izinzuzo eziningi kubantu kunokulimaza, kanti abanye beqiniseka ukuthi usopolitiki wenza ukuthi ubukhaleleko, bonakalise bonke ubuso be IRussia yanamuhla. Kepha umuntu ongenakuqhathaniswa kaMikhail Sergeyevich akashiyi muntu. Ukuzalwa kuphela ekhanda leReformer uhlobo lomkhiqizo.
Noma kunjalo, ekufeni kokuphila kwempilo - ukusetshenziswa kwempilo yonke yezwe - i-State Catering kanye nesimo sezinceku esivaliwe kwi-rublevo-aususut hirway kanye nemoto. Ngaphezu kwendlu yeMoscow, indoda ihlala efulethini laseMoscow. Ukuvikelwa kwezikhulu ezi-4 ze-FSO kucindezelwa ku-Gorbachev.
Ngokusho kwe-portal "pedar", ngo-2018, impesheni yofuzo yedlula ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-700. UVladimir Putin akazange akhohlwe ukumhalalisela ngosuku lokuzalwa kwakhe, ephawula ukuthi iphoyisa lokuzalwa "libandakanyeka ngenkuthalo ezingxoxweni zesazi, linomthelela omkhulu kwinkhulumomphendvulwano ezinkingeni ezibaluleke kakhulu zezinkinga zesimanje."
Umbono kaMikhail Gorbachev uyathakazelisa ezesikhathi, kwezepolitiki kwamema ama-TV ababukhosi njengoVladimir Pozner. Ngasikhathi sinye, wembula olunye ubuso bomuntu. Isibonelo, uthole umklomelo woGrammy ukuthola ukuhlanganiswa kwenganekwane yomculo "Peter and Wolf".
Emuva ngoMashi 2014, uMikhail Sergeevid wamukelwa kabusha ngokutholwa kwayo eRefendum eCrimea kanye nokutholakala kwePeninsula eRussia, okulahla unswinyo lwe-United States kanye ne-European Union. Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, inkonzo yezokuphepha e-Ukraine ivinjelwe ukungena kwe-gorbachev eHulumeni, kepha waphuthelwa ukuthi akahlelelanga ukuhambela izwe maduze.
Ngo-2015, kwaziwa ukuthi inqubomgomo yezempilo yaya ekwehleni. UMikhail Sergeevich waqala ukuhlushwa uhlobo olubi lwesifo sikashukela, okungenakwenzeka ukubizwa ngokuthi uzinzile, ngoba isiguli sasivame ukuba nezinkinga. Ngasikhathi sinye, waqhubeka enza imisebenzi yokudala, ededela umsebenzi omusha wesayensi nokushicilela ama-Memoirs. Ngakho-ke, ngo-2014, ukukhanya kwabona incwadi ethi "Impilo Ngemuva kokuthi umphakathi ukhiphe izinkumbulo" zodwa ".
Lapho ehlobo lika-2019, uGorbachev wayesesibhedlela, lo mlayezo uvele emakhasini aphuzi futhi, njengokungathi uMikhail Sergeevich ushonile. Izindaba ezingamanga ngemingcwabo ezayo zinwebeka noma nini lapho isimo sempilo yesikhulu esithatha umhlalaphansi siwohloka.
Ngaphambi kokuthi kufakwe esibhedlela ukuphawula ngomphumela wemisebenzi ye-Cable Channel NBO - uchungechunge oluthi "Chernobyl", okuthi ngokuthandwa yi-Culp ". I-Movie Gorbachev ayibonanga, kepha uyazi le ndaba canva. Ngokusho konobhala-Jikelele oholele ezweni ngesikhathi sengozi yeChernobyl, hhayi yonke into ehambelana neqiniso.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu ye-Mikhail Gorbachev yayiyindlela efanayo "egumbini elilodwa", kanye ne-biography yezepolitiki. Ngomfazi wokuqala, kamuva owaba nguyena kuphela, uRaisa Titarenko, wahlangana eminyakeni yakhe yabafundi endlini yesiko lomdanso. Intombazane yahlaba umxhwele ikusasa lesithonjana sabaholi baseSoviet kanye nokukhanga kwangaphakathi, ngakho-ke wanquma ukumphanga ngokukhethwa.UGorbachev waphila impilo ende futhi ejabulisayo, futhi wabahlukanisa kuphela ukufa. Ngo-1999, uMikhail Sergeevich Ovedel - unkosikazi kaRaisa Maksimovna wabulawa yiLeukemia, okwaba khona okukhulu kwalowo owayengumongameli wangaphambili we-USSR. Owesifazane wokuqala wenyunyana wanikeza umyeni wakhe iNdodakazi yakhe u-Irina, manje esephethwe yi-Gorbachev-Foundation futhi ejabule emshadweni wesibili noMabhizinisi noReri Tucachev.
Kuze kube ngu-1993, owesifazane wahlanganisa ubudlelwano obusemthethweni nodokotela ohlinzayo uVirginian Anatoly Olegovich. Le nyunyana yethule izingane ze-Irina, neGorbachev - abazukulu eKsenia ne-Anastasia. Bobabili bathola iziqu e-Faculty of Mgimo journalism futhi bahlala nemindeni eJalimane.
UMikhail Gorbachev manje
Naphezu kweminyaka yobudala nezinkinga zempilo, eminyakeni yamuva nje, uMikhail Sergeevich eminyakeni yamuva uvela ekuphakeni kwezindaba ngenxa yesikhundla somphakathi esisebenzayo ngenxa yesikhundla somphakathi esisebenzayo. I-Gorbachev ivezwe futhi mayelana nobhubhane lweCoronavirus, futhi ekuvikeleni umgomo wokugomela waseRussia "Satellite V".
Izithombe nezindatshana zivuselelwa kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni yeGorbachev-Fund. UMikhail Gorbachev futhi unikeza ngokuzithandela izingxoxo. NgoFebhuwari 2021, engxoxweni nombhali we- "Komsomolskaya Pravda", wabelana ngokuthi konke kwakuyikho konke ayefuna ukusekela nokubuthandana ngeminyaka engama-90.
-Zuzayo
- 1988 - Umklomelo Wenhlangano Yezwe Yamanye Amazwe "Ngaphandle Kwempi"
- Ngo-1988 - Umklomelo Wezwe WaseGandhi Indira
- Ngo-1989 - Ubuntu beSikhumbuzo "Ubuntu bukaNyakatho" we-International Jury "ubuntu bonyaka"
- Ngo-1989 - Umklomelo weGolden Pigeon Prize ukuthula umnikelo wokuthula nokungalali
- 1990 - Umklomelo Wezwe WaseNobel njengophawu lokuqashelwa kweqhaza eliholayo kwinqubo yokuthula, eveza ingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yomphakathi wamazwe omhlaba
- 1990 - Albert Einstein World Award umnikelo wokulwa nokuthula nokuqonda okuhambisanayo phakathi kwezizwe
- 1990 - Isihloko Esihlonishwayo "Ikhulu Lama-Humarist" kanye neMedical Honorhary egama layo lingu-Albert Switzer
- Ngo-1990 - Umklomelo Wezizwe Ngamandla 'Njengomuntu wanoma imisebenzi yazo ezindaweni ezepolitiki nasezweni lomphakathi ingasebenza njengesibonelo esiyingqayizivele somzabalazo wokuqagela kwamalungelo abantu
- Ngo-1991 - International Martin Luther Luther King World Award "emhlabeni ongenabo ubudlova" ukuze kube nendima evelele emzabalazweni wokuthula emhlabeni wonke namalungelo abantu
- Ngo-1992 - UBenjamin Priar M. Cardiso "ngentando yeningi"
- Ngo-1993 - UMklomelo Sir Winston Churchill njengophawu lokuqashelwa komnikelo emhlabeni eMiddle East
- 1997 - I-Premium kaTsar David
- 1998 - Umklomelo Wenkululeko Kazwelonke Inkululeko Yenkululeko
- Ngo-2005 - umklomelo wenzalamizi Athenagora emkhakheni wamalungelo abantu
- Ngo-2010 - umklomelo odonsa kabi izikhali zenuzi