I-Biograge
U-Edward Snowden - Umsizi wezobuchwepheshe waseMelika, owaziwa umhlaba wonke ngokushicilela inani lokuvezwa okuvumayo kwezokuphepha kwe-US okuhlobene nokubhekwa kwabantu abaningi bezakhamizi. Kusukela ngo-2013, igama lakhe lavela emihlanganweni yokuqala yabezindaba, njengolwazi ngokwephulwa yiNational Security Agency (ANB) yamalungelo nenkululeko yezigidi zabantu baseMelika nabaseYurophu bashaya umphakathi wezwe.
Muva nje, izimpilo zeqhwa eRussia, lapho inikezwe khona indawo yezepolitiki, njengoba i-United States yamenyezelwa kuhlu lwamazwe omhlaba, ifaka isandla ekusolweni kokubuyiselwa kombuso kanye nokudalulwa kwezimfihlo zombuso, okubhekwa njengengozi ekuvikelekeni kwezwe.
Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Edward Snowden wazalwa ngoJuni 21, 1983 e-Elizabeth City, enyakatho uCarolina. Abazali bakhe - unogada waseLohn Coast Service kanye nommeli u-Elizabeth Snowden - uhlukanisile. Emndenini, u-Edward uyingane encane kunazo zonke, unodadewethu osekhulile kaJessica, osebenza njengommeli esikhungweni sokwahlulela eWashington.
Ubuntwana kanye nentsha iqhwa lidlule edolobheni lakubo, lapho umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo we-CIA ne-USA Academy of Sciences bathole imfundo yamabanga aphezulu. Ngo-1999, umndeni wakweqhwa weqhwa wathuthela eMaryland. Lapho-ke u-Edward ungene ekolishi lika-Ann Erandel, lapho kwagcinwe khona izifundo zokulungiselela ukwamukelwa eyunivesithi.
Noma kunjalo, njengesimo sempilo, akazange aqede inkambo yokutadisha - kwadingeka aqhubeke nokukude nezifundo zakhe ukuthi iqhwa alizange livikele iqhwa ngonyaka we-2011 ukuthola iziqu ze-master eLiverpool University.
Ngo-2004, u-Edward Snowden wahamba wayosebenza njengebutho elihlomile ama-reservist avela lapho ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, ngemuva kokulimala kabi kwazo zombili imilenze, kwathunyelwa insikazi. Ukusuka kuleli phuzu, i-biography yeqhwa ibihlobene ngqo nesayensi yekhompyutha, izinhlelo kanye nobuchwepheshe be-IT lapho umfana ekhombisa ubungcweti kanye nethalente elikhethekile, naphezu kokuntuleka kokuqinisekiswa okusemthethweni kwekhono lochwepheshe.
Insizakalo eCia
Ukunyuka kwezitebhisi zomsebenzi e-Edward Snowden kwakuzethemba futhi kwashesha. Uchwepheshe wokuqala wamakhono ochwepheshe atholwe kwi-National Science, esebenza esakhiweni sokuphepha sento eyimfihlo e-University of Maryland. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, iqhwa lamukelwa eCia Service nangaphansi kwesembozo sezombusazwe sathumela eGeneva eposini lase-United States e-UN. Lapho kuhlu lwemisebenzi yakhe kufaka phakathi ukuqaliswa kwamanethiwekhi ekhompyutha. Ngokuka-Edward, umsebenzi eSwitzerland wavula amehlo akhe ukuthi uyisixhumanisi esikhethekile ezinsizakalweni zezobunhloli sase-US, uletha ukulimala okwengeziwe kubantu okuhle.
Ngo-2009, umhleli wezinhlelo ayeka ukusuka e-CIA futhi aqala ukusebenza eDell noBooz Allen Hamilton ebambisana ne-Academy of Secience yezinkampani zokubonisana, ukufeza izibopho zosonkontileka bangaphandle.
Iqhwa alizange livume imisebenzi ye-US National Security Agency, esikhathini esizayo, esikhathini esizayo, sesisindise umphakathi wase-US kusuka ekukhohlisweni ngezenzo zomhlaba wonke. Kulokhu, ngo-2013, isikhungo esikhethekile seNSA sanquma ukwenza isenzo sokubhujiswa kwenhliziyo yakhe futhi sembule abantu abadalula izinsizakalo zobunhloli baseMelika ngokubhekwa kwabantu abaningi.
I-Snowner iye yaphawula kaninginingi ukuthi ifuna ukunxusa izenzo ezingekho emthethweni ze-NSB kanye ne-CIA ngonyaka we-2008, kodwa bekunethemba lokuthi ngokufika kukaBarack Obama, isimo ezisezinsizakalweni zemfihlo zase-US sizoshintsha. Ngokushesha ukuthola uhlelo, kwaba sobala ukuthi uMongameli wase-US uyaqhubeka nenqubomgomo yabandulelayo bakhe futhi akahlosile ukuhlukumeza imisebenzi "yezinhloli".
Ukuvezwa kanye nokushushiswa kobugebengu
Umsebenzi kaSnowden ukwethula ubugebengu bezinsizakalo ezikhethekile zaseMelika waqala ngo-2013. Ngemuva kwalokho i-CIA ye-CIA ne-ejenti yaseNambian yaxhumana nomkhiqizi wefilimu uLaura Pootras, intatheli yaseMelika uGlen Greenwald kanye noMfundisi waseBarton Gelllman, kubikwa ukuthi wayekulungele ukunikeza imininingwane eyimfihlo.
Ukuxhumana iqhwa kwenzeka ngemiyalezo ebethelwe nge-imeyili, lapho iphoyisa elihlanganiswe khona nemibhalo eyimfihlo eyizinkulungwane ezingama-200. Isimo sabo semfihlo sidlula izinto ezazishicilelwa ngaphambili kuma-wikileaks maqondana nezingxabano e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq. Emva kwalokho, iScandal yaphuka, futhi ukuyekethiswa okumenyezelwe kwathola umphumela webhomu le-thermonuarlear emaphephandabeni. Ngokuzayo, uJulian assange, umsunguli we-wikileaks, uzokumemezela lokho, ngenxa yenhlangano engenzi nzuzo, iqhwa lihlala likhululekile.
Ukuvezwa kwe-Edward SPEDENEDENEDE kuqukethe ukubhekwa kwama-pthamvelillance we-US ama-IPhathishelwa abantu abasemazweni angama-60 omhlaba kanye neminyango kahulumeni engama-35 kulo lonke elaseYurophu. I-programmer iye yamemezela imininingwane ngohlelo lwePrimsm, ongoti abahole khona ukubhekwa kwabantu abaningi ezingxoxweni zabantu baseMelika kanye nezakhamizi zakwamanye amazwe nge-Intanethi nakuzokuxhumana ngeselula.
Ngokusho kuka-Edward, uhlelo lwe-Prism luvumele i-NAM ukulalela i-Voice and Video Sits, buka i-imeyili nezithombe, ilandelela phambili amafayela abasebenzisi bezinkundla zokuxhumana nabantu. Inani elikhulu lezinsizakalo ezithandwayo ezibanjwe kulolu hlelo: I-Microsoft (Hotmail), i-Facebook, iGoogle (Gmail), i-Skype, i-YouTube, i-Apple kanye ne-Paltalk.
Futhi, isimemezelo esiyimfihlo senkantolo ye-fiss sasiwukuchayeka okuvuselelayo kweqhwa, ngokusho kwalo i-verizon ephethe amaselula ephoqelekile ukudlulisa zonke izingcingo ku-NSB nsuku zonke, ezenziwa ngaphakathi kwe-United States. Ngokuphikisana nalesi sinqumo, izintatheli zaphakamisa ukuthi abanye opharetha bamakhalekhumenti baseMelika bangakhangwa izibopho ezinjalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yeqhwa, yabona ubukhona bohlelo lwe-Tracking Tracking, oluthathwa yi-Internet Traffic kanye nezingxoxo zocingo, nangesoftware ehlanganisiwe ye-iPhone, evumela ukuthi ulandele izenzo zomsebenzisi.
Enye yezinto zokudalulwa okubusayo kakhulu kweqhwa kwadalulwa iqiniso lokukhipha izikhulu zezobunhloli zezobuciko bezingxoxo zocingo zosopolitiki bezinye izifo zosopolitiki bezinye izikhulu kanye nezikhulu ezibambe iqhaza eLondon. Izisulu zase-USA zahlushwa yizenzo ezingekho emthethweni zingenela osopolitiki abaningi abaziwayo abavela emhlabeni wonke.
Ngokusho kwePentagon, i-Snowden ingumnikazi wemibhalo eyimfihlo eyizigidi eziyi-1.7, iningi lazo lihlobene nemininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nokusebenza kwamasosha aseMelika nemikhumbi, amamashi kanye ne-Air Force. Lolu lwazi, ngokusho kwezintatheli, luzodalulwa kancane kancane ukuze kulimaze izintshisekelo zezwe zase-United States kanye ne-NSA.
Ngemuva kokwenza isinqumo, ukwambula ubumazisi bakhe u-Edward Snowden, eqaphela ukuthi kuzodingeka akhokhe okubizayo kulo mthetho, waya ukugijima.
Okokuqala, umhleli wezinhlelo wayecashe eHong Kong, lapho ahlela khona ukuthola indawo yokukhosela kwezombusazwe. Ngemuva kokumemezela ukumangalelwa okusemthethweni yiziphathimandla zaseMelika lapho kudalulwe imfihlo yombuso oyimfihlo, kwenzekani ngosuku lokugubha iminyaka engama-30 ubudala, inhloli yezizathu ezingaziwa kwavela eMoscow Airport, kodwa, ngaphandle kokuba nesiRussia IVisa, yaphoqeleka ukuba ihlale endaweni yokuhamba esikhumulweni sezindiza.
Ngokusho kwabezindaba, eRussia, umhlelo wahlangana nemoto enenombolo yezombusazwe kaVenezuela, owathatha iqhwa eholweni angaziwa. Ngokusobala, u-Edward ahlose ukuya eSouth America ngeMoscow.
NgoJuni 30, 2013, wamcela ukuthi amnikeze indawo yokukhosela kwezombusazwe eRussia, kwathi ngosuku olulandelayo uMongameli weRussia Federation Vladimir Putin wavumela ukuba ahlale ezweni elizoqhubeka nalo Izinsizakalo ezikhethekile zaseMelika.
Ngasikhathi sinye, u-Edward Snowden wafaka iziphathimandla zaseMelika ngokuxolelwa, ebhekisa eqinisweni lokuthi akukho lutho olubi futhi olungekho emthethweni ezenzweni zazo. Iziphathimandla zaseMelika zinengqondo ephikisanayo ngokuvezwa kweqhwa, kucatshangelwa ukuthi umhleli wezinhlelo unesibopho sokuvela phambi kwenkantolo, ngoba kwasikhipha izimfihlo zombuso. Ama-Scouts aseMelika abheka isenzo somsebenzi wangaphambilini we-CIA kanye ne-NSA esinamandla futhi akukho emthethweni, obeka inkonzo yezobunhloli yomonakalo ongafinyeleleki ngokungenakuqhathaniswa.
Futhi, e-European Union, kuhlobene ngokwezigaba nendaba yokuphishekela iqhwa. IPhalamende laseYurophu linxuse kaningi i-EU ukuba yenqabe ukuqoka isijeziso se-American, ukumnikeza ukuvikela, okuzokwenza kube nzima ukuyikhipha e-United States noma ibuyele komunye umuntu.
NgoJulayi 2016, umqondisi weCia of United States uJohn Brennan uthe iqhwa kufanele libuyele e-United States futhi livele phambi kwenkantolo. Lapho-ke inhloko ye-American Latern Intelligence ayisekelwanga isikhundla sawomshushisi wangaphambilini wase-US u-Eric Herder, owabiza imisebenzi yeqhwa "insiza yenkonzo". Ikhanda le-CIA alikholelwa ukuthi ngiyabonga e-Edward ezweni laqala ingxoxo ngezinkinga ezibalulekile emphakathini.
Ngo-2016, abasebenzi bakazwelonke beNational Security Agency batshelwa engxoxweni nezikhathi zezezimali ngokuphila kwakhe enhlokodolobha yaseRussia. Iqhwa livumile ukuthi ulwazi lwakhe ngolimi lwaseRussia lwanele kuphela ukwenza i-oda endaweni yokudlela. Iqhwa lengeze ukuthi uhlala esikhathini saseMpumalanga aseNyakatho Melika futhi uchitha isikhathi esiningi kwi-Intanethi, kodwa "bekulokhu bekulokhu empilweni yakhe."
Iqhwa liveze kaningi umbono ngemithetho yaseRussia - amaphekula. OwayenguBUQESHI LWEZIMALI Asemazweni aseMelika bagxekwa kwi-microblog yakhe kwi-microblog yakhe kunethiwekhi yezenhlalo ye-Twitter, iphakethe lemithetho ("iphakethe lasehlobo"), elethula ama-opharetha okuxhumana, izithunywa zokuxhumana nomphakathi ukugcina imininingwane mayelana namaqiniso ezingxoxo kanye nokuxhumana komsebenzisi nokuqukethwe kwazo.
"Ukubhekwa okukhulu akusebenzi. Lo mthetho ukhethwe emalini ngayinye yaseRussia nenkululeko ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa ukuphepha. Ungasayini, "kusho uShrowden.Ngo-2017, isisebenzi sangaphambili sabasebenzi baseMelika esikhethekile bameme isisebenzi sangaphambili samazwe amaningi omhlaba ukuba sikhulume ngezinkinga eziningi, kanye nokwenza izinkulumo.
Amafilimu
"Umuntu ofunwa kakhulu emhlabeni" u-Edward Snowden ngemuva kokushicilelwa kanye nokushicilelwa kolwazi oluyimfihlo lwe-American Services Services baba ngomunye wabantu abaphambili kwababhali nama-cinematographiers abacabanga ukuthi benza ingxenye yendalo yabo. Wayengumlingiswa ophambili wefilimu elibhalwe phansi "Citizen Four" ("Citizenfour"), ahluziwe nguLaura asuselwa kwinhlolokhono nesiphathimandla se-CIA ne-NSA.
Ifilimu eno-Edward Snowden iwina umklomelo ohlonishwayo we-Oscar njengesithombe esingcono kakhulu esinencwadi ebhalwe ngesibindi, kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube yimizuzwana yokugcina yemvelo yokuvezwa.
Ngo-2016, umhlaba wabona umsebenzi omusha womqondisi odumile we-Oliver Stone ebizwa ngokuthi "iqhwa", elinikezelwe emlandweni kaHulumeni WaseMelika Okhaliphile We-Aytichnik. Izindima eziyinhloko kwifilimu zenziwa ngabalingisi uJoseph Gordon-Levitt, Sheilin Woodley noZakari Quinto.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu ye-Edward SPEDEN PENTINE ngemuva kokuvezwa kwakhe okukhulu engqondweni izinyathelo zokuthathwa okuthathiwe kwakuyimfihlo yomphakathi. Uveze impilo yomndeni eyake yabelaphi - ngo-2013 yathi inomfazi nezingane. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kusukela ngo-2009, intombazane yakhe yayingumdanso uLindsser Mills, ahlala kuwo emshadweni womphakathi esiqhingini saseHawaiian.
Kwakunamahemuhemu okuthi embhalweni we-2013 kwahlukana. Kepha uMqondisi u-Oliver Stone, umlobi wefilimu leqhwa, waphika lolu lwazi. I-American Spy isaphila kanye nomzali eRussia. Leli qiniso liwubufakazi bezithombe zabo ezihlanganyelwe ezivela kwi-akhawunti yomuntu siqu ye-Lindsay ku- "Instagram".
Ngo-2013, isisebenzi sangaphambili sabasebenzi abakhethekile baseRussia u-Anna Chapman bamema u-Edward Snowden ukuba ashade naye. Ubhale ngalokhu ku-Twitter, kepha abasebenzisi babuze isinyathelo esinjalo nge-PR.
Ngokusho kwezintatheli ezinesisindo sokuxoxisana ngo-Edward eHong Kong, i-Snowden ihlala ingumuntu onesimo esihle futhi esihlakaniphile, esimibalabalazwe esilandelwa yizothando nokucabanga. Umhleli wezinhlelo uhola impilo ethule nenempilo, esebenzisa ubuBuddha, uchitha isikhathi esiningi ekhompyutheni futhi uyakuthanda ukufunda izincwadi emlandweni waseRussia. Ngasikhathi sinye, "ukudakwa" kwe-NSA ne-CIA kuhambisana nokudla okwenziwe ngemifino, akuphuzi ikhofi futhi akuphuzi utshwala.
U-Edward Snowden manje
Kushone kahle ukuthi kubhekwe kaningi ukuthi bekukulungele ukuthuthela e-United States, kuncike enkantolo evulekile ngokuba khona kwejaji. Kepha akukho nhloko yombuso engakakaniki iziqinisekiso ezinjalo zeqhwa. Ngo-2017, izintatheli zibeke phambili umcabango wokuthi iMoscow ngeke isakufihla i-Edward endaweni yaseRussia, futhi imnikeze uMongameli wase-US omusha wakwazi ukunweba imvume yokuhlala.
Ngo-2018, abaseMelika bamisa ubudlelwano bomphakathi isikhathi esiyizinyanga eziyisithupha. Ekwindla ngokuhlanganyela kwakhe, isiteshi sevidiyo sabanjwa neNyuvesi yokuphathwa kwedolobha lase-Austrian lase-Innsbruck. U-Edward wabika ukuthi wayephatha imali yaseMelika ukuvikela inkululeko yezintatheli.
Njengengxenye yemisebenzi yayo, iqhwa lithuthukisa uhlelo oluvikela imithombo yolwazi kusuka ezingozini zangaphandle. Ngokusho kwalowo owayeyisikhulu se-CIA, kukhathazekile, okokuqala, izinkinga zomphakathi waseMelika, aqhubeka nokulwa nazo. Ngasikhathi sinye, u-Edward akayeki ukugxeka uhulumeni waseRussia kanye nokuguqulwa.
NgoNovemba, iqhwa libambe inkulumo ebuholini beMossad, ibanikeze nengqungquthela yevidiyo yobufakazi bokwethulwa kwe-NSA ngezenzo zobuhlakani bakwa-Israyeli. Ngezinkulumo ezintsha ngo-2019, i-Snowden ayinikezi imininingwane okwamanje, kepha kucatshangwa ukuthi umhleli wezinhlelo uzoqhubeka nokudalula izinsizakalo ezikhethekile zaseMelika.
Amacaphuna
Iqhwa ngokwakhe likhuluma ngezambulo zalo kanjena:
"Ngifunde ngokucophelela wonke amadokhumenti ukuze ngiqiniseke ukuthi ukudalulwa kwakhe kuzosebenza kube nezifiso zomphakathi okusemthethweni. Kunemibhalo yazo zonke izinhlobo, ukudalulwa okuzoba nemiphumela emihle, kodwa angibaniki, ngoba umgomo wami ubuhlakani, futhi ungabalimazi abantu. "Iphawula ngamaqiniso okulawulwa yiziphathimandla ze-Communications Ofties, iqhwa liphawula ukuthi isimo esinjalo sizoholela esikhathini esizayo senhlekelele:
"Le misebenzi ngokuzayo ingahunyushwa ngokungalungile, ihunyushwe ngokungalungile, futhi isetshenziswe kuwe kulimaza umuntu. Noma ngaphandle kwenhloso eqondile evela kuhulumeni ukudala wena uhlobo oluthile lwenkimbinkimbi. Isimo sezokuphepha siwukuphela kwezokuphepha sikuqala kakhulu kukho konke okunye ukucatshangelwa. "
Ngokusebenzisa i-Google ne-Skype:
"Angisebenzisi i-google ne-skype. Lezi zinsizakalo ezinhle kakhulu, kepha azithembekile ngokuphelele ohlelweni lokuphepha lwedatha. Akufanele sithembele, futhi ngokuqinisekile lezi zinhlelo akufanele zisetshenziselwe ukuxhumana komuntu siqu. "Iziphathimandla zaseMelika ziye zabiza kaningi kulowo ofundisayo "ukubona izimo ngezimo njengoba zinjalo," ukwamukela iqiniso lokuthi usongelwa ngesigwebo esibalulekile sejele e-United States, kepha iqhwa lalihlala linezigaba:
"Izimo akuyona inkantolo evulekile hhayi ukuqulwa kwecala elifanelekile"