I-Biograge
UMikhail Khodorkovsky ungusomabhizinisi kanye nomnikazi wangaphambilini wenkampani enkulu kawoyela yaseRussia Yukos. Ngokwesimo sika-2003, wabhekwa njengomunye wabacebile futhi onamandla ohlelweni lwezezimali lwezakhamizi zeRussia Federation, inhloko-dolobha yakhe yahlolwa ngo- $ 15 billion. Ngo-2005, waba yisibalo esikhulu sephrofayili ephezulu Icala kuYukos futhi lasolwa ngokukhwabanisa kanye nokudabuka kwentela.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-KhoDorkovsky Mikhail Borisovich yazalwa ngoJuni 20, 1963 emndenini womsebenzi wedolobha elikhulu. Abazali bakhe uMarina Filippovna noBoris Moisevich babengunjiniyela wamakhemikhali efektri yeKaliBr ekhiqiza imishini yokulinganisa enembile. NgokukaMikhail, izihlobo zakhe kuyise kwakungamaJuda, kodwa yena ngokwakhe wazizwa eRussia ngobuzwe.
Umndeni we-petroleum magnate wesikhathi esizayo waphila kabi efulethini lomphakathi kuze kube ngu-1971, ngemuva kwalokho abazali bathola ezabo izindlu. Ebuntweni, i-khodorkovsky yayithanda izivivinyo namakhemikhali, ikhombisa ilukuluku ngale ndlela.
Ufisa ukuthuthukisa ithalente lethalente lezemvelo yezemvelo, abazali banquma ukunika uMikhail esiswini esikhethekile ngokutadishani okujulile ngamakhemikhali nama-mathematics No. 227, ekugcineni le nsizwa yangena eMoscow Chexchoe Institute Institute. D. Mina Mnduleev. Eyunivesithi, i-KhoDorkovsky yayibhekwa njengomfundi omuhle kakhulu we-Faculty, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isidingo sezezimali esibi samenza ngesikhathi sawo samahhala ukuba asebenze njengombazi osebenzisana naye endlini. Ngo-1986 waphothula eyunivesithi ehlonishwayo futhi wathola ubuchwepheshe bonjiniyela.
Ebusheni bakhe, uMikhail, kanye nabantu abanomqondo ofanayo, wadala lesi sikhungo ngobuhlakani besayensi nangobuchwepheshe bobusha, ababa yiphrojekthi yakhe yokuqala yebhizinisi, ngosizo lwalokho azuza imali enkulu yokuqala. Ngokuhambisana nemisebenzi e-NTTM, i-Oyili ye-Oyili yesikhathi esizayo ifundwe esikhungweni sezomnotho wezwe. UG. V. Plekhanov, lapho ahlangana khona nesihlobo sezikhulu ezise-State Bank of USSR Alexei Golubovich.
Ibhange "I-Menatep"
Ngenxa ye- "Break" yakhe yokuqala, uMikhail Khodorkovsky uthathe iseli eliqinile emhlabeni webhizinisi elikhulu futhi ngo-1989 wadala i-Commerce Bank of the Science and Technological Nqumo "I-Menatep", eba nguSihlalo weBhodi lakhe. I-KhoDorkovsky Bank ibingomunye wabokuqala ukuthola ilayisense lase-USSR State Bank, okwamvumela ukuba aphathe imisebenzi yezezimali yentela, uMnyango Wezezimali kanye noRosVooruCuchi.Ngo-1992, i-Biography ye-Professional ye-KhoDorkovsky yathola enye indlela futhi yaqala ukudiliza ibhizinisi lamafutha. Ekuqaleni wathola isikhathi sokuqokwa kokuthunyelwe kukaSihlalo weSikhwama Sokutshala Isikhwama Somkhakha kanye ne-EEC. Isikhundla esisha sanikezwa uMikhail wonke amalungelo namandla eSekela likaphethiloli namandla. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, waba yiphini likangqongqoshe ogcwele. Ukuze basebenze eMsebenzini kaHulumeni, kwakudingeka ukuthi bakhulule ngokusemthethweni isikhundla sesahluko ebhange "I-Menatep", kodwa wonke ama-brazers ebhilidi ahlala ezandleni zakhe.
Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Oligarch yanquma ukushintsha isu le-Menatep Bank. Inhlangano yezezimali Ngenxa yalokho yaqala ukugxila kuphela kumakhasimende amakhulu, ngosizo lwayo, eyenziwa ukuthengiselana ngokwezezimali futhi yathola izinsizakalo ezidinga izingqinamba zezinkinga zikahulumeni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-menatep ibangezelela kakhulu ukuya embonini yokutshala imali. Izinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu zaziyimboni kanye ne-metallurgy, i-petrochemistry kanye nezinto zokwakha, kanye nemboni yokudla nemboni yamakhemikhali.
Yukos
Ngo-1995, i-KhoDorkovsky idluliselwe ePhini lokuQala le-Russian Federation Olla soskovsu ngesiphakamiso sokushintshana ngama-10% amasheya esifundazweni samafutha e-Yukos, okokuqala e-Oil Resvals .
Ngemuva kwendali, i-menatep yaba ngumnikazi wesigxobo esingu-45% eYukos, bese kuba khona amanye ama-33% amasheya enkampani kawoyela, lapho, ngokubambisana nabalingani abangu-5 bakhokha indali yemali ye-menatep. Kamuva endalini yemali Uphinde waba ngumnikazi wenombolo ehlaba umxhwele yezokuphepha ngokwawo ucezwana lwebhizinisi lamafutha e-Russia futhi alawule ama-90% amasheya we-Yukos.
Ukuba ngumnikazi weYukos, i-KhoDorkovsky yahlanganyela ekuphelweni kwenkampani kawoyela yokuqothuka evela enkingeni, kepha izimpahla ze-menatep ziswele lokhu. I-Oligarch yathatha iminyaka eyi-6 kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwamabhange avela eceleni ukuze alethe i-Yukos evela enhlangeni ebukhali, ngenxa yokuthi umholi owaba ngumholi wemakethe yamandla emhlabeni jikelele.
Ubunzima ekwenzeni ibhizinisi abuzange buvikele uMikhail Borisovich ngo-2001 ngokubambisana kwe-OpenRussia Foundation Oritarable Organisation, okubuye kube yi-Mikheil Piotrovsky, uJacob Rothschild, uHenry Kissinger kanye neNxusa laseMelika lase-USSR Hartman. Kamuva ngesisekelo sayo, inethiwekhi yaseRussia yaseRussia kanye nezepolitiki "evulekile" iRussia "yadalwa, eyashushiswa ensimini yeRussia Federation. Ngemuva kokukhululwa kwe-KhoDorkovsky, iqembu laqhubeka nomsebenzi walo ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe.
Ibhizinisi leYukos
Ngo-Okthoba 2003, ngaleso sikhathi, uMikhail KHodorkovsky, owayesengomunye wabantu abacebile eRussia nasezweni, waboshwa esikhumulweni sezindiza eNovosibirsk futhi wakukhokhisa ukugcwala kwezikhungo zombuso kanye nokubaphula intela. Ngemuva kwalokho, kwaqhutshwa khona ukusesha kwehhovisi leYukos, futhi zonke izitoko kanye nama-akhawunti enkampani baboshwa isikhundla somshushisi weRussia Federation.Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, kamuva baqashelwa yinkantolo, i-oyili Magnate ngo-1994 yadala ukuthola amaqembu obugebengu, imisebenzi yayo ehlose ukuthola amasheya ezinkampani ezahlukahlukene ngentengo ephansi ukuze iphinde isebenze kuwo ngamanani emakethe. Ngenxa yalokhu, inkampani kawoyela yaseRussia Yukos yaqala ukuhlukana, ngoba ukuthunyelwa kwamafutha kunqanyuliwe, futhi yonke imali evela ezimpahleni zebhizinisi yahamba yabuyisela isikweletu kuhulumeni.
Ngokwemiphumela yecala lokuqala lobugebengu ngoMeyi 2005, i-KhoDorkovsky yagwetshwa iminyaka engu-8 ejele ngokukhonza igama eliphakathi kombuso jikelele. Futhi icala leYukos maqondana nabanye abaphathi beNkampani baphinde baphenyiswa.
Ngo-2006, maqondana ne-KhoDorkovsky kanye nomlingani wakhe webhizinisi, inhloko yeBhodi Yabaqondisi beMenatep Plato Lebedev yaqala icala lesibili lobugebengu mayelana nokwebiwa kwamafutha, icala elalihlanganisa amavolumu ayi-14. I-KhoDorkovskk ebizwa ngokuthi ubugebengu obungenangqondo iye yangena kuye. Usomabhizinisi ubuze: Uma entshontsha yonke i-Yukos Amafutha, futhi lokhu kungamathani ayizigidi ezingama-350, kungani iholo labasebenzi, izinkokhelo zikhokhelwa uMbuso ngenani lemithombo engama- $ 40 milling, ethuthukisa amadiphozithi amasha?
NgoDisemba 2010, iNkantolo ivume ukuthi i-KhoDorkovsky neLebedev benecala, bagwetshwe iminyaka engu-14 ejele ngenxa yezigwebo ezihlanganayo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isikhathi sokuphetha sancishiswa.
Abasolwa abangenacala bebesekolishi lokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo edolobheni laseKarez yaseKarezha, kanye nengxoxo enkulu yezinyathelo zobugebengu ezingaphezu kwe-Kho Farorkovsky zaphenduka eRussia. Leli cala lalahlwa esidlangalaleni ngo-Boris Akunin, ophikisana nopopolitiki uBoris Nemtsov, iMeya eyangaphambili yaseMoscow Yuri Luzhkov, ilungu leKhomishini Yamalungelo Abantu Ngaphansi Komfeli weRussia uLudmila Alekseeva nabanye Kholwa ukuthi umthetho wephulwe "ononya futhi unobubi". Kuchaze umusho we-khodorkovsky kanye neNtshonalanga - I-United States igxeke imithetho yaseRussia, inkululeko yemikhumbi, inqubomgomo yentela eRussia kanye nokuhlonza impahla.
Ngombhikisho nokungabonakali kwecala, i-KhoDorkovsky ngesikhathi esikhonza isijeziso esibini izikhathi ezi-4 esimemezele isiteleka sendlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlala kwakhe ekoloni kuphawulwa "adventures" ahlukahlukene. Ngemuva komusho wokuqala eChita Colony, wawela esihlalweni somfaki, kusukela lapho ephefumulelwa yimiyalo yoMnyango Wezobulungiswa Wezobulungiswa ERussia Federation ngamalungelo eziboshwa, lokho, ngokusho kwabaphathi, anqatshelwe ngomthetho. Endaweni efanayo, eChita, isiboshwa i-Kho Faroksky saba "umhlatshelo" we-alkalomer alexander Kuchma, anqume ubuso be-oligarch ummese. Ngokusho kukaKuchma, abantu abangaziwa bamphothumisa ebugebengwini, okuthi ngomqondo wangempela wegama elithi "wangqongqoza" kuwo ngokulwa neMikhail. Lesi siboshwa satshelwa ukuthi naye wacelwa ukuba anikeze inkomba ngaphambi kwekhamera esekelwe ubuso be-khodorkovsky ngokumelene nesizinda sokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi.
NgoDisemba 2013, uMongameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin wasayina isimemezelo ekuxoleleni nasekukhululeni kwe-KhoDorkovsky. Ikhanda le-Ex-Yukos lidedelwa ngokushesha kukoloni, lize likhohlwe ukukhipha isitifiketi senkululeko, futhi sathumela i-Pulkovo eSt. Petersburg Airport, lapho uMikhail aqhutshwa khona yi-Ex-Head yeJalimane indiza e-BERLIN.
Lapho efika enhloko-dolobha yaseJalimane, i-KhoDorkovsky ikhulume engqungqutheleni yabezindaba futhi yathi ngemuva kokukhululwa kwenkululeko ibingahlose ukubamba iqhaza okwengeziwe kwezepolitiki, ukuxhasa amabhizinisi aseRussia kanye nokwenza ibhizinisi. Icebo eliyisihluthulelo kwakuwumsebenzi wasobala okuhlose ukukhulula iziboshwa zezepolitiki eRussia.
Ukuvuselelwa kwemisebenzi yezepolitiki
Kuyo yonke le minyaka, umbono we-tycoon yangaphambili kawoyela usushintshile ngobuningi - phambi kokhetho lukamongameli, wasebenzisa imisebenzi yakhe ukuthi ochwepheshe ababonge njengesifiso sokungena esiqongweni samandla. I-KhoDorkovskyy ngokwakhe isho ukuthi ukulungele ukuba ngumongameli weRussia Federation ukwenza izinguquko zomthethosisekelo eRussia futhi asabele kabusha amandla oMongameli avumela umphakathi, iPhalamende nenkantolo.
Futhi eMaidan yase-Ukraine ngo-2014, ngemuva kombuso wombuso, uMikhail Khodorkovsky wathi wayekulungele ukuba ngumenzi wokuthula esimweni sase-Ukraine. Ngemuva kwalokho, ekhuluma esiteji phambi kwabantu base-Ukraine, wagxeka obala iziphathimandla zaseRussia, kanye nezizwe zase-Ukraine ezibizwa ngokuthi ngesibindi abantu, ngokweqiniso bavikela inkululeko yabo.
Emuva ejele, uMikhail Borisovich waqala imisebenzi yemibhalo. Imisebenzi yakhe yayihlaziyi. Maphakathi no-2000s, izincwadi "usizi lwenkululeko" kwavela, "ngakwesobunxele", "Isingeniso esizayo. Ukuthula ngo-2020. "
Kamuva kwashicilelwa "izindatshana. Izingxoxo. Ingxoxo: Ukuqoqwa kombhali "kanye" nejele kanye nentando ". Kepha incwadi yosomabhizinisi "Ijele labantu", umbhali onikezelwe kumamodeli akhe ethandwa kakhulu. I-KhoDorkovskky ibize impilo yomuntu ukuphela kwemali ekhona ejele. Emabhokisini, kuthathwa kuzo zonke izimo ukuze ziye ekugcineni, naphezu kobugwala, noma ngabe kufanele uhlukane nempilo.
Lokho Mikhail ngokwakhe kwakulahlekile, ngakho-ke ukuxhumana nabangane, izihlobo, izingane kanye namathuba okubheka umkhathizwe. Okokuqala, ngemuva kokungenela inkululeko, usomabhizinisi waya olwandle, wagxuma ngeparashute wachuma edwaleni. Ngokusho kukaMikhail Borisovich, umuzwa we-adrenaline egazini wambuyisa.
Kaninginingi engxoxweni yakhe ne-khodorkovsky bakhathalela isihloko sobudlelwano ne-Russia. Engxoxweni nezintatheli, wakhuluma ngoVladimir Putin njengenqubomgomo eyayingenalo isu lokuhamba elivela ePost of Head of State. Ngokusho kosomabhizinisi, isikhathi eside sokubusa kukaMongameli sibonisa ukuthi kunobudlelwano bobudlelwano namaRussia njengabantu abangakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwesandla esinamandla emphakathini. Uhlobo olunjalo lokuhlobene nabantu baseKhodorkovsky olubizwa ngokuthi "uhlobo lobuhlanga".
Ngo-2018, inhlangano evulekile yaseRussia yethule i-United Democrats eSt. Petersburg, inhloso yazo ukuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezomthetho nokukhankasa ekuzitholeni ama-ukhetho iziphathimandla zesifunda, oluhlelelwe ngo-2019. Njengoba wazi, manje ukuxhaswa ngezimali kweSikhwama kwenziwa ngqo nguMikhail Khodorkovsky.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, usomabhizinisi wasungula inhlangano ukuphenya amahlazo enkohlakalo "Dossier". NgoNovemba, kwaqalwa indawo yalesi sikhungo, lapho kwavela khona izinto zobuntatheli ngesikhathi esifushane, kudalula imisebenzi yezikhulu. Ngokusho kukaMikhail Borisovich, bonke ubufakazi obutholakele buzodluliselwa emthethweni wobulelesi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu yeMikhail Khodorkovsky ayinzima kangako njengomsebenzi wakhe kanye nemiphumela yako. U-Oyili Tycoon wayeshade kabili. Ngonkosikazi wokuqala, u-KhoDorkovsky wahlangana ngenkathi efunda eyunivesithi, wayefunda naye ekilasi. Umfazi wokuqala we-KhoDorkovsky Elena Dobrovolkaya ngo-1985 wabeletha umlingani wendodana yendodana, ohlala e-US futhi esethule umzukulu kayise uDiana.Ngokusho kukaMikhail Borisovich, ngenxa yalokho, ngenxa yalokho, banquma ukudivosa umkakhe, kodwa kuze kube namuhla bagcina ubudlelwane obunobungane.
Okwesibili uKhodorkovsky washada ngo-1991. Unkosikazi wakhe wesibili waba yisisebenzi seBhange "Menatep" Inna, athola ngalo uthando, ukuqonda kanye nenhlala-kahle. Ngemuva komshado, i-Inna noMikhail wazalwa endodaneni u-Anastasia, kwathi ngo-1999 iNhloko yalokho, uYukos wazala amawele - wazalela amadodana u-Ilya neGlebe. Izingane zihlala futhi zifunde eSwitzerland.
Ngemuva kokukhululwa ejele, uMikhail Khodorkovsky naye wathuthela emphakathini waseSwitzerland eCanton waseSt. Gallen. Okwezinkulungwane eziyi-11,5 ama-franc ngenyanga, wakhulisa i-villa ethokomele ebheke olwandle lwaseZurich futhi usethole imvume yokuhlala eSwitzerland. Kepha ukuthola irisidi yokuba yisakhamuzi saseSwitzerland, kudingeka aphile ezweni okungenani iminyaka eyi-12.
Usomabhizinisi ushaye ngokushesha ngesisindo ngemuva kokufaka inkululeko, ebonakalayo ngokuya ngesithombe sayo kwabezindaba, kodwa ngokukhula okuphakathi (177 cm) kugcina isibalo esiqinisiwe.
UMikhail Khodorkovsky manje
Manje uMikhail Khodoksky uxhasa ngezimali amalungelo athile abantu kanye namaphrojekthi wemidiya eRussia. Phakathi kwazo, "MBH NEMEDIZI" NEZIMALI "ZOKWENZA IMIYALELA". Ubuye wabizwa ngokuthi ukuxhaswa kwesithunzi kombukiso "Awet", okuholela eYuri Dory. Kodwa-ke, usomabhizinisi waphika la mahemuhemu. Ungumqondisi jikelele weqembu lesinara.
NgoFebhuwari 2020, usomabhizinisi akhiphe umsebenzi omusha wokubhala - uManifesto obizwa nge- "New Russia, noma uGardarbi". Encwadini, umbhali waphakamisa imibuzo eminingi ehlobene nezwe lakhe lokuzalwa: kungani kungenzeki ukuhlala kude nezepolitiki; Kungani iRussia, ukuba nengcebo kaphethiloli, isezincithakalo, kanye nabanye.
ESwitzerland, i-KhoDorkovsky yenza isethulo ngesihloko esithi "Ingabe iRussia inekusasa." Lo mcimbi wabanjelwa e-Institute of Europe of Zurich University. Isibonelo sabantu abangama-800 beza bezolalela usomabhizinisi.
Ngo-Ephreli, umuntu womphakathi wanikeza inhlolokhono esiteshini somsakazo "echo Moscow" ngohlaka lohlelo "hhayi kuze kube kusihlwa." Izindikimba eziningi ezixoxwe ngazo emoyeni, kufaka phakathi ubunzima be-coronavirus, amanani entengo aphansi kawoyela, amabutho aphezulu e-Russian Politics.
NgoDisemba, uMikhail Khodorkovsky wanikeza inhlolokhono enkulu nentatheli uDmitry Gordon, eyaphuma esiteshini "esivakashele uGordon" ku-YouTube. Ngesikhathi sengxoxo, usomabhizinisi wasikhanyisela emicimbini eminingi yezepolitiki, futhi futhi wakhuluma ngemisebenzi yakhe nomsebenzi wakhe.
Ngesikhathi senhlolokhono, uMikhail Borisovich utshele indlela aqamba ngayo i-KGB ye-USSR, njengoba ayesejele nokuthi yikuphi ubuhlobo obekufanele kube neziboshwa.
I-KhoDorkovsky izwakalise isimo sayo kuMongameli weRussia Federation. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-KhoDorkovsky ithe umthetho wekhanda lase-Ukraine Vladimir Zelensky wamdumaza.
Wathinta usomabhizinisi kanye nesimo sayo sezezimali. Waxoxa ngeqiniso lokuthi ngemuva kokonakala wayenemali, ngakho-ke manje ungumuntu ovikelekile. I-KhoDorkovsky ayicacisanga ukuthi ngabe i-Billionaire iyini. Kepha waphawula ukuthi uhola izikhathi eziyi-10 ngaphezu kokudinga.
Embuzweni weGordon mayelana nokuthi usomabhizinisi usebenzisa imali, uMikhail Borisovich waphendula ngokuthi akathandanga ukuthenga futhi ukhetha ukuyothenga online. Uchitha imali emishini yanamuhla:
"Ngingumuntu othanda amagajethi asendle. Wonke amagajethi amasha nama-laptops aphuma, ngiyathenga futhi ngivivinye. Ngemuva kwalokho nginika abafana. Empeleni angizisoli ngemali. "Kwi-Yutiub-Channel yomuntu siqu, kanye nasezinkundleni zokuxhumana "Twitter", "i-Instagram" kanye ne- "Facebook", usomabhizinisi udingida njalo ubudlelwano phakathi kweziphathimandla. Kubandakanya kubhulogi lakhe ku-YouTube, wasikhathalela kaninginingi lesi sihloko esihlobene nothiso we-Alexei Navalny, imibhikisho eningi eBelarus.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-2004 - "Inkinga Yenkululeko"
- Ngo-2005 - "Jika ngakwesobunxele"
- 2006 - "Isingeniso esizayo. Umhlaba ngo-2020 "
- 2007 - "Isethulo"
- 2010 - "Imibhalo. Izingxoxo. Ingxoxo: Ukuqoqwa kombhali "
- 2012 - Ijele kanye ne-volia "
- 2014 - "Abantu Bajele"